Role of Value Creation in the Indian Industry Free Essays

string(45) pharmaceutical medicinal services organization in India. Foundation: The Indian economy is generally accepted to have moved into its next period of feasible development pace of 8-10%. The most recent five years have seen a remarkable worth creation in Indian securities exchanges. Point: This investigation centers an explanatory valuation viewpoint of different favored organizations in India. We will compose a custom paper test on Job of Value Creation in the Indian Industry or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Techniques: The informational index for the investigation was gathered from the CMIE ability database.The five industry areas were picked for the examination. Results: While quick financial exchange development is generally attributed to a worldwide liquidity excess and re-rating of Indian stocks, our examination shows that remarkable execution in business basics †deals and benefit †development has been the prevalent driver of this terrific worth creation in India. End: These discoveries have significant ramifications for any precaution or mediation techniques. Prologue To make reasonable, long haul investor esteem, it is essential to unequivocally build up a suitable investor esteem target.It can be contended that esteem creation is a definitive proportion of execution for a director. Organizations must set up needs dependent on esteem creation; outfitting arranging, execution estimation and motivating force remuneration frameworks towards investor worth and speaking with speculators regarding esteem creation. The capacity to oversee esteem is a basic piece of creating sound corporate and business strategiesâ€strategies that make an incentive for investors. An investigation by (Richard et al. 2000) saw that organizations in today’s superheated economies are in a race to find the fundamental code of significant worth creation. That is they are attempting to discover the best measure of benefits unmistakable and impalpable make the best measures of financial worth and to maintain a strategic distance from those mixes that pulverize it. Worth creation The term â€Å"value creation’ can be a misnomer, however for obtainment experts it is straightforward: conveying extra an incentive to the reality through new strategies. The trouble just lies in drawing that incentive out of the plenty of impalpable drivers that you need to bargain with.Non-monetary components like development, individuals and thoughts are hard to evaluate, once in a while recognized in bookkeeping strategies and not sufficiently estimated, oversaw or provided details regarding by associations. In any case, these are a portion of the basic wellsprings of significant worth that can be used by organizations to improve their upper hand. Expository VALUATION PRESPECTIVE: 1. Capability of the Automobile business The vehicle business in Ind ia happens to be the ninth biggest on the planet. Following Japan, South Korea and Thailand, in 2009, India developed as the fourth biggest exporter of automobiles.Several Indian car producers have spread their tasks all around too, requesting more interests in the Indian car division by the MNCs. In 2008, Hyundai Motors alone sent out 240,000 vehicles made in India. Nissan Motors intends to send out 250,000 vehicles produced in its India plant by 2011. Comparative plans are for General Motors. 2. Correspondence †Value-Added Services Market according to an exploration led by Stanford University, Indian versatile worth included administrations (MVAS) are relied upon to reach USD 2. 74 bn by the FY2010.To profit by the developing MVAS showcase in India, Reliance Communications and Bharti Airtel Limited are good to go to present online phone applications in Indian retail locations. While Bharti Airtel will offer around 1,250 applications, Reliance Communications’ applications will before long be open to its GSM customsers by Feb 2010. 3. Achievement of Indian programming organizations There are various reasons why the product organizations in India have been so effective. Other than the Indian programming organizations, various worldwide monsters have likewise dove into the India IT market.India is the center of modest and gifted programming experts, which are accessible in plenitude. It causes the product organizations to create financially savvy business answers for their customers. Accordingly, Indian programming organizations can put their items and administrations in the worldwide market in the most serious rate. This is the motivation behind why India has been a most loved goal for re-appropriating also. Numerous worldwide IT monsters additionally have their seaward improvement habitats in India. a portion of the top Indian programming organizations can be recorded as: †¢Tata Consultancy Services †¢Wipro Limited †¢Infosys HCL Technologies †¢Tech Mahindra †¢Patni Computer Systems †¢i-flex Solutions †¢MphasiS †¢LT Infotech †¢IBM India 4. IT Outsourcing in India according to NASSCOM, IT sends out in business process re-appropriating (BPO) administrations achieved incomes of US$ 48 billion in FY 2008-09 and represented over 77% of the whole programming and administrations salary. Throughout the years India has been th e most ideal redistributing center point for firm on a post to seaward their IT activities. The elements behind India being a favored goal are its sensibly valued work, positive business feeling and accessibility of master workforce.Considering its raising development, IBM has plans to expand its business procedure redistributing (BPO) works in India other than utilizing 5,000 workforces to help its development. 5. Pharmaceutical Industry Trends †¢The pharma industry by and large develops at around 1. 5-1. multiple times the Gross Domestic Product development †¢Globally, India positions third regarding fabricating pharma items by volume †¢The Indian pharmaceutical industry is relied upon to develop at a pace of 9. 9 % till 2010 and after that 9. 5 % till 2015 There are a few national and universal pharmaceutical organizations that work in India.Most of the country’s necessities for pharmaceutical items are met by these organizations. Some of them are quickly portrayed underneath: †¢Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited is the greatest pharmaceutical assembling organization in India. The organization is positioned at the eighth situation among the worldwide conventional . Ranbaxy Laboratories 2009-2010 Q3 Net Profit Results indicated a benefit of Rs 116. 6 crore when contrasted with Rs 394. 5 crore shortfall, recorded during the relating time frame last financial. †¢Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories fabricates and advertises a wide scope of pharmaceuticals both in India and abroad.Dr. Reddy’s Q1 FY10 result shows the incomes of the organization at Rs. 18,189 million which is up by 21%. †¢Cipla is an Indian pharmaceutical organization famous for the assembling of ease enemies of AIDS drugs. For the budgetary year 2008-09 the organization enrolled an expansion of 22% in deals and other pay over the earlier year. †¢Nicholas Piramal is the second biggest pharmaceutical medicinal services organization in India. You read Job of Value Creation in the Indian Industry in class Papers †¢Zydus Cadila otherwise called Cadila Healthcare is an Indian pharmaceutical organization situated in Gujarat. The company’s 1QFY2010 outcomes show the net deals at Rs880. cr which is higher than the evaluated Rs773cr. The net benefit was Rs124. 8cr which was increment of 39%; the expansion was by virtue of higher deals and improvement in the OPM. Exploration METHODOLOGY The informational collection for the investigation was gathered from the CMIE ability database. The accompanying five industry segments were picked for the examination. * Telecommunication, Information innovation, Automobiles, Software, pharmaceutical ventures. Other than essential information, the examination utilizing auxiliary information that accumulates by inside and outer information from the example of the study.The information additionally can be acquire from sites, flyers, books, magazines, release, paper cutting, distributed diary, government distribution and contextual analysis. The information assortment and investigation clears route for the proposal advertisement finish of the examination that uncovers some significant discoveries with respect to the methodology and corporate structure. RESULTS: While fast financial exchange development is broadly credited to a worldwide liquidity overabundance and re-rating of Indian stocks, our examination shows that remarkable execution in business basics †deals and benefit †development has been the transcendent drive r of this terrific worth creation in India.Automobile industry The figures show that the car segment in India has been developing vigorously. The pieces of the pie of the various kinds of vehicles will plainly portray the interest design in this segment. Local Market Share for 2008-09 Passenger Vehicles15. 96% Commercial Vehicles 3. 95% Three Wheelers 3. 6% Two Wheelers 76. 49% Communication industry With the deluge of new telecom monsters in Indian market, the ventures are probably going to increase huge force: †¢Investment of USD 6 bn by Vodafone Essar for the following 3 monetary years so as to extend its rundown of phone supporters of 100 million against the current 40 million. By 2010, Reliance Communications (RCom) is hoping to build the complete number of telecom towers by developing 56,596 telecom towers and accomplishing the preset objective of 100,000. †¢Telenor, Norway based telecom monster has bought 7% of offers in Unitech Wireless and now has 67. 25% by acquiring a speculation of USD 431. 70 million †¢Indian government possessed telecom player, BSNL will contribute USD1. 17 billion in its WiMax conspire †¢A proposition of outside direct venture worth USD 660. million by Federal Agency for State Property Management of the Russian Federation has been as of late endorsed by the Indian government. The Agency would get 20% stake in Sistema-Shyam in the wake of getting the speculation. †¢A USD 1 billion venture will be gotten by Tata Teleservices in its recently presented GSM office Tata DoCoMo. IT Outsourcing

Public Health in 1665 Essay Example For Students

General Health in 1665 Essay Ring around a roses, A pocket brimming with Poses, A tissue! A tissue! We as a whole tumble down! Indeed, even today, youngsters honestly serenade this old nursery rhyme, bringing the well-known adage into the real world, Ignorance is Bliss. Its spooky, to imagine that this old rhyme in certainty gives an ideal depiction of one of Europes most exceedingly awful bad dreams, the Great Plague. Numerous individuals overlook the repulsions of the Plague, and when they do recall and consider it, Public heath is seldom a factor that has a major influence when individuals begin to thoroughly consider things. There were many general wellbeing measures in 1665 the hour of the plague. Nonetheless, what number of these measures worked? A significant truth to recall is that in those occasions, suppositions and activities were either founded on or accused on religion and strange notion. For instance, individuals began walking the nation over, rebuffing themselves on the premise that the plague was the aftereffect of all of keeps an eye on transgression, while attempting to convince individuals of their motivation. Likewise, charms were utilized by certain societies, for example, the Abra Kadabra beguile, which was either cut, or worn as defensive adornments to avoid the underhanded spirits causing the plague. It seemed to be like the picture underneath. A B R A K A D A B R A B R A K A D A B R R A K A D A B A K A D A K A D A One measure they had was that of the red cross. This is the place they would paint a red cross on the entryways of individuals who were determined to have the plague. I figure this would have worked on the grounds that it would tell individuals who had the plague, so they could abstain from becoming sick themselves. A law was made, saying that once somebody was sick with the plague they were to remain in their home. Any individual who happened to live in a similar house as the sad soul was likewise secured, with dread that they could spread the ailment. Poor people were not permitted to ponder the avenues at whenever, and were executed promptly for doing as such without a given explanation. These, albeit reasonable thoughts (aside from the execution..) would not contribute towards general wellbeing, as the ailment was not infectious in the human network. It was in certainty passed on from insects living on dark rodents, however this information had not yet been created. On the off chance that somebody was chomped by this bug, at that point their future from that second would be between 23-29 days. Inspectors were named by individuals of high clinical power. It would be their assignment of going around England, verifying who had the plague, and guaranteeing that the right requests were being satisfied by the town. I imagine this would have assisted with making things increasingly sorted out, which in general would have a major effect, since individuals would know about which towns to stay away from. Anyway negative my perspectives on the Public Health circumstance in 1665 may sound, I would abhor for anyone to get the possibility that the clinical methodology and logical techniques were totally futile. Albeit extremely severe with laws, wrongdoing and discipline, the administration invested wholeheartedly in being sorted out. They took this to the point of looking through bodies, obviously to guarantee everybody was dead before internment. One trick is that they were in established truth searching for resources that could be valuable, or, more than likely sold for an incredible benefit. Regardless of their unexpected purposeful publicity, numerous residents were covered alive, just in light of the fact that there was no known solution for the ailment. Presently, during the time spent this, the bodies were checked, and exact records were taken of the plague casualties. This was compelling in positive manners, since it urged the legislature to be progressively effective when it came to insights. .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .postImageUrl , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:hover , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:visited , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:active { border:0!important; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:active , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6619944b 86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: True Brand Loyalty EssayAll on the whole, the general wellbeing measures in real life all through the plague accomplished to be sure work, and were powerful in both positive and negative ways. .

Ready, Set, Cook! How To Publish Your Cookbook

Ready, Set, Cook! How To Publish Your Cookbook Do you have several signature recipes that your friends and family beg for? Is your dish the one everyone raves about at family gatherings and holiday celebrations? If so, and if cooking is your passion, publishing a cookbook is the next logical stepâ€"particularly if you have a knack for writing, as well.But where do you begin?You begin by focusing on the best way to share your creativity and knowledge with other cooks who want to wow their families just like you do. Once you have that focus and are ready to start writing, here are the steps to follow if your dream is to publish a cookbook:Decide on the category and what youll offer your readersIf you happen to be a celebrity chef ready to publish a cookbook, this part is easy: chefs who have gained popularity, whether regionally or nationally, have a ready-made audience likely biting at the bit for a cookbook.Photo by Nick Karvounis on UnsplashHowever, if your notoriety is somewhere beneath celebrity chef status, youll need to take the time to really nail down the category and niche appeal you can add to the market. Without taking the time to do this, youll risk creating a cookbook that doesnt have much appeal to an audience (either because the market is oversaturated or you are not offering anything unique as a writer).The best market research you can do while preparing to write and publish a cookbook is on Amazons categories list. Under the general category Cookbooks, Food Wine youll find the following sub-categories:Asian CookingBakingBeverages WineCanning PreservingCelebrities TV ShowsComfort FoodCooking Education ReferenceCooking MethodsCooking by IngredientDessertsEntertaining HolidaysItalian CookingKitchen AppliancesMain Courses Side DishesOutdoor CookingProfessional CookingQuick EasyRegional InternationalSpecial DietU.S. CookingVegetarian VeganThis list is a great way to narrow down what youd like to do in creating a cookbook that is unique, engaging, and informative. Browse through the cate gories and glance at the summaries of the different types of cookbooks that are published. Pay attention to the rank in sales each book has achieved on Amazon, and if youre undecided between several potential categoriesâ€"make life easier for yourself and choose the one that shows the highest sales rating.If youre hoping to publish your cookbook through traditional publishers, here are a few questions theyll want you to answer in your pitch:How does this cookbook fill a gap in the market?How are you uniquely qualified to write it?Do you offer any valuable insights that are not widely known?By the end of this process, you should have enough information to continue to the next phase of writing a best-selling cookbook: Create a one-paragraph elevator pitch.Create your one-paragraph elevator pitchIn sales and marketing, the elevator pitch is a 30-second description of what youre selling. Since most elevator rides last 20 to 30 seconds, an elevator pitch needs to capture your audiences a ttention with minimal words. Basicallyâ€"be concise, be passionate, and make them want to know more.For example, lets say I want to publish a cookbook that contains canning and preserving recipes my grandmothers passed down to me. A great elevator pitch would be something like this:Preserving the Past is a cookbook for people who love recipes passed down through generations. It contains 50 canning and preserving recipes, ranging from apple butter to hot pepper relish to marinara sauce. Heart-healthy and diabetic friendly alternatives are included, and each recipe is followed by my recollections of working in the kitchen to prepare these recipes with my aunts and grandmothers.Photo by Maarten van den Heuvel on UnsplashNow for the fun partâ€"recipesMost cooks know the format of a recipe: Ingredients list and preparation instructions. However, the details that are included can mean the difference between a recipe that is easy to follow and one that frustrates readers.This is one reason why cooking tradition passed down through generations is so easy to remember. If you watched your grandmother make a dish over and overâ€"even helped her make it, at pointsâ€"you likely have the steps burned into your memory. Seeing the process makes it much easier to understand compared to only reading about the process.Another point to consider when you are writing out your recipes is that some of your readers might be on a diet plan, and need to know the serving size and nutritional information of the dish. Websites like SparkRecipes.com offer an easy-to-use calculator to determine the nutritional value of the recipe based on the ingredients and serving size. If you include this additional information, you should mention it in your elevator pitch, since it is a selling point.IngredientsBefore I discuss tips for writing your recipe ingredients, lets look at current food trends. An article published on Food Navigator notes that there is increasing awareness of the connections betw een diet, aging, and health. Heart disease, cancer, kidney stones, diabetesâ€"the list of health problems caused by diet is extensive.Considering that many people are battling these health issues, there is an eager audience for cookbooks promising health-conscious dishes. If you can boast health-conscious dishes that dont sacrifice flavor, youre steps ahead of the competition already.With this in mind, if there is a way you can adapt your ingredients to healthier alternativesâ€"do it. When youre in the elevator pitch stages, you can use trendy buzzwords like organic or healthier alternative or gluten free to get the attention of publishers.Photo by Gaelle Marcel on UnsplashBeyond considering health-conscious alternatives, here are a few tips for creating your ingredients list:List the ingredients in the order they will be used.Offer substitutes for ingredients that might be hard to find, or that are mainly found in certain regions.Be specific (for example, specify red, white, or yel low onion).Note the optimal size of the mixing bowl, food processor, or other cookware that is to be used.If ingredients are to be mixed in a certain order, note it and list them in the correct order.Preparation instructionsHere are some rules to follow when writing your recipes preparation instructions:Use short sentences and include cooking times, as well as how cooking times could differ at high altitude or in different dishes (for example, glass vs. metal).Explain each step in a logical manner. For example, if the oven needs to be preheated, note that. Or if brining the night before is required, that should be listed first in the preparation instructions.Explain what the correct consistency of the dish should be at each stage of the cooking process (for example, its consistency while mixing vs. its consistency when done).Note which cookware is best for the recipe. If a glass dish is best for cooking, inform your audience of that, along with which size pan or dish should be used. If the recipe contains different components of the dish (for example, a chocolate cake with glazed icing), you need to write the preparation instructions separately.For recipes with multiple components, use logic. If the icing needs to go on the cake once the cake has cooled, then write the preparation instructions for the cake first and the icing next. This insinuates to your reader that they can start the icing component after the cake component is placed in the oven for cooking.Get amazing photographsIf youve ever seen a photo of a mouthwatering dish and your stomach rumbles in response, then you understand the aesthetics and marketing value of food photography for your cookbook. Recipes that contain photos, especially photos of each stage in the preparation/cooking process are not only more appealingâ€"they make it easier for your readers to know what to expect.Photo by Christine Siracusa on UnsplashEven if you dont consider yourself to be a photographer, there are a few tricks to getting amazing photographs of your prepared dishes:Use natural lightingTaking a shot near a window at daylight will give you much better results than shooting at night with artificial lights.Use depth of fieldDepth of field is an expression used in photography to note the distance between foreground objects and background objects. When the background is blurry, the foreground seems closer, and is the focus of the shot. Without depth of field, objects in the background will appear too close to the dish, drawing focus away from it.Most modern smartphones now offer this feature and most digital cameras allow you to manually adjust the depth of field. If youre not sure how to make that happen, this article is a great resource for guiding you through the camera settings.Take shots of different stages in the preparation processSince cooking enthusiasts will be buying your book to prepare the recipes on their own, make sure the steps are simple to follow. One way to do this is to take shots at multiple stages of the preparation process. A photo would be especially useful to your reader if a certain step in the preparation stage could cause confusion.One final noteWhile your recipes are important, keep in mind that your story is also part of what attracts audiences. Being personable, open, and entertaining in your introductions and/or interludes between recipes will endear your readers to you as a chef. Since you, as an individual, are unique, making the recipes part of your personal story will produce a cookbook that stands apart from all the others.

The War Of The Vietnam War - 2247 Words

â€Å"I was persuaded then, and I remain persuaded now, that the war was wrong. And since it was wrong and since people were dying as a result of it, it was evil(O Brien 272).† Tim O Briens If I Die in a Combat Zone is based in the Vietnam war with the main character being Tim O Brien. He explains what it was like to be drafted into the war and the hardships that he went through fighting the Vietcong. The changes that happened before his eyes to people he was fighting with being turned into a deranged person. He describes the fears that the soldiers had of bouncing betties and the people hiding waiting to attack the moment they go to sleep. The Vietnam started in 1955 and ended in 1975 with a total body count of a million people killed†¦show more content†¦The overall weighted prevalence of a positive screen for PTSD in the population was 13.5%. Stratified analyses by deployment status resulted in a prevalence of a positive screen for PTSD of 15.7% in OEF/OIF veter ans and 10.9% in non deployed veterans (Table 2). For all subgroups, the prevalence of a positive screen for PTSD in OEF/OIF veterans was higher than the non deployed veterans. The highest prevalence in both OEF/OIF and non deployed veterans was among VA health care users and veterans who served on active duty. Sixteen percent of OEF/OIF deployed males screened positive for PTSD, whereas 10.5% of non deployed males screened positive. The percentage in the non deployed group. Those more likely to have a positive screen for PTSD in both the OEF/OIF and non deployed groups were Army and active duty veterans (Dursa). PTSD even happened when they were not in the battle zone. This is not just singled to the people in war but also the people who contract PTSD just by seeing someone die on the operating table in front of them. The study seemed to only be on males from the results and the chances of them having PTSD is still pretty high. This is considering how many people have been in war. Hochgesang wrote in the article The Psychological Effects of the Vietnam War that the soldiers in Vietnam mood changed toward the war dramatically. During the war, the main factor that affected the adjustments made by American soldiers and their attitudes was the DEROS

Things You Should Know About General Ielts Essay Topics with Answers

Things You Should Know About General Ielts Essay Topics with Answers The Meaning of General Ielts Essay Topics with Answers Expert writers behind such a company may provide all the essential help to the students. More research should be done before picking a specific supplier. You don't need to be an expert grammarian. You don't have to be an expert grammarian. Simply complete the form at the base of the page to post the essay question and it'll then be posted below. Before you commence writing, you must make an outline. As soon as you have finished the point of view, please don't try and make any more contrasting viewpoint in the identical paragraph because it will influence the coherence and flow of the essay. Writing sections, it's very essential for you in the event you write your own words. If you're writing an opinion essay, make certain you can determine either side of the problem. An excellent balance of simple and intricate sentences is utilized to develop an argument. Initially, you'd be provided a particular topic to talk about which would wind up getting a tougher interview vogue query. Try out this opinion essay question about the price of space exploration. The Pain of General Ielts Essay Topics with Answers Additionally, the memory of test-takers might not be reliable. The center ought to be conveniently located and the timings ought to be such that you can extract maximum from the course without unnecessary stress which might have adverse consequences. These steps would help you to get ready for the test in a more systematic and effective method. The Battle Over General Ielts Essay Topics with Answers and How to Win It IELTS is among the globally acclaimed tests and is recommended for global migration across the planet. So many men and women think IE LTS Exam is valid only in the united kingdom or Australia and, as an example, it's not valid in the united states, New Zealand, etc.. The preparation for IELTS is time consuming and requires plenty of practice besides good vocabulary and speaking abilities. Preparation for the PTE exam has to be completed in advance to get a superior score to qualify for a visa or maybe to study abroad. Any portion of the Listening exam may have a tricky question. When you prepare for the Reading section, it is best for you whether you read an excessive amount of context in English. Attend Demo class before you want to join. Writing test is just one of the most troublesome tests to score an 8 band. If you wish to discuss general things you do regularly, then you will need the current simple. To start with, if you get an excellent deal of money there's no true reason to go out to work or to strive for anything. Occasionally it can be in the very first part. Think of examples of the situations you mention instead of locating a way to explain them. On the flip side, people with a bad comprehension of English may take more time. The second lot, that have a knack for the language and have a tendency to fall back on the folks sharing the very same passion. Also, make certain to check at the word in a sentence to be conscious of the way it relates to other words. It is likewise very important to review words regularly. The Honest to Goodness Truth on General Ielts Essay Topics with Answers Many museums opt to have educational foreign exhibitions of important political and societal issues, which might be more informative than the media. The very first rationale is that the literature of their house country could possibly be too boring, making learning extremely frustrating. In addition, the literature of different countries exposes students to a number of distinct cultures, so studying it helps broaden their knowledge about other sections of the world.

Agency cost and ownership structure in aim traded companies Free Essays

Introduction The aim of this chapter is to explain and discuss a number of prior researches that have been developed in relation with agency cost. The literatures are grouped into four parts based on their different research area. The first part gives the overview of Alternative Investment Market (AIM). We will write a custom essay sample on Agency cost and ownership structure in aim traded companies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Subsequently, the issue of corporate governance in AIM companies will be discussed. The next part will focus on the causes of agency problem. Both direct and indirect measurement of agency cost, include asset utilisation, operating expense and the firm’s performance, will be detailed analysed in the final part. Overview of Alternative Investment Market Alternative Investment Market (AIM) is the world’s leading market for smaller and growing companies. It helps them to raise new capital and allowing their shares to be traded widely. Since it was launched in 1995, over 3000 companies from across the world have joined AIM and a large proportion of them are in oil and gas industry. Its admission requirement and on-going rules are less onerous. For example, there is no requirement on prior trading, minimum public float or market capitalization. In fact, to be admitted to AIM, a firm is only required to have the support from a nominated advisor (Nomad). Subsequently, the only disclosure obligation for the firm is the general duty of disclosure requiring information which is reasonably considered to be necessary by the issuer which will enable investors to have a full understanding of the applicant’s financial position. AIM membership roles were thus kept simpler for encouraging a wide variety of companies to join, keeping c apital rising and reducing membership cost. However, a SEC commissioner, Roel Campos likened AIM as a casino, and he stated that 30% of the issuers that list on AIM are gone within one year (Bawden Waller, 2007). This comment has aroused great amount of abjections and London Stock Exchange (LSE) claimed that the only 2% companies go into liquidation each year. Corporate governance in AIM companies AIM is crucial for investor’s confidence to the market and companies’ significant failures on AIM market would have a negative effect on the overall confidence in the UK market. A consequence of the deliberately light regulatory burden placed in AIM companies means that they are not obliged to abide the UK’s Combined Code (2006). However, based on the UK’s Combined Code, the Guidelines on the Quoted Corporate Governance for AIM companies have been produced by Companies Alliance (QCA). According to the wide range of interviews and detailed analysis of the corporate governance statements in the annual report and accounts, Mallin and Kean (2008) found the majority of their sample AIM companies disclose some basic elements of good governance practice, such as including a corporate statement, identifying the directors and their responsibilities, and splitting the role of chairman and the CEO, and the presence of board sub-committees. However, their sample of AI M companies did not disclose as much corporate governance practice as they were expected by the QCA Guidelines’ recommendations. Some interesting results were given by the regression of the firm and market related factors on the disclosure score. Firstly, the young AIM companies tend to disclose more of their governance practices than the older ones. Secondly, larger companies disclose more than smaller ones. Thirdly, by the presence of the institutional investors has influence on the disclosure levels. Subsequently, the higher gearing ratio of the company, the lower disclosure level there will be. It also suggested that the AIM companies with no long-term debt may be required better governance structures to protect the claims of equity investors, because there are no debt holders to monitor the companies. In addition, the board size has positive impact on the reporting of governance practice and the companies with small board are less likely to obey to the QCA Guidelines. Th erefore, the efficiency of corporate governance in AIM companies is related to the age of companies, size, gearing ratio, debt, as well as board size. The causes of agency problem When discussing the ownership of an organization, ‘agency problem’ is an inevitable vocabulary. According to Jensen and Meckling (1976), the agency relationship is defined as a contract between the principal(s) and the agent who is given some decision making authority to run the firm on the behalf of principal(s). In fact, for majority of companies, both agent and principals are utility maximizes. Consequently, the agent will not always act in the interest of principal. To mitigate the conflict in interest between both parties is a big issue in corporate governance. Besides establishing appropriate incentives for the agent, monitoring cost will be designed to limit the aberrant activities of the agent. In some situations, the agent needs to pay to expend resources (bonding costs) to guarantee he/she will not take the actions that will harm the principal’s interest or to ensure that the principal will be compensated if the agent does take such actions. Additionally, there will be some divergence between the agent’s decisions and those decisions which would maximize the principal’s welfare. The reduction in the principal’s welfare caused by thus divergence is also a cost of agency relationship which is referred by Jensen et al. (1976) as ‘residual loss’. They also stated that the costs of deviation from value-maximization decline as the management ownership rises. As their stakes rise, managers pay a larger part of these costs and are less likely to squander corporate wealth. However, limited direct evidence exists on the magnitude and extent of the actual costs with the agency problem. The measurement of agency cost Direct measurement Ang et al. (2000) analyzed the how agency cost is affected by the firm’s ownership structure, number of outsider managers and non-manger shareholders and external monitoring by banks. They measured firm’s agency cost with two measures, sales to asset ratio and expense to sales ratio. They argued that agency cost can be directly measured by assets-to-sales ratio as it measures the efficiency with which management uses the firm’s assets to generate sales. A high ratio reflects that the assets are generating significant sales and therefore indicates low agency cost. Conversely, a low ratio shows that manager makes poor investment decisions, exerts insufficient effort, resulting in low revenues, and consumes excessive unproductive assets, such as automobiles, fancy office space and resort properties. The expense ratio is the operating expense scaled by annual sales. It is a measure of how effectively the firm’s manager controls operating cost, including excess ive perquisite consumption and other direct agency cost. In contrast to the sales-to-asset ratio, agency cost is in line with the expense ratio. Banks usually require managers to report results regularly and honestly; consequently, managers may be forced to run the business efficiently. Thus, bank monitoring complements the monitoring of managers by shareholders, thereby reducing owner-manager agency cost indirectly. Ang et al. (2000) utilized a sample of 1708 small corporate from the National Survey of Small Business Finances (NSSBF) database and found agency costs are significantly higher when an outside manager manages the firm and when there are more non-manager shareholders. In this situation, managers’ ownership share and monitoring by banks may be a helpful corporate control mechanism that can decrease agency costs. Singh and Davidson (2003) adopted the approach used by Ang, Cole, and Lin to study large firms and sales, general, and administrative expenses were applied to measure agency cost instead of total operating expenses. Moreover, they analysed the role of corporate leverage in influencing the agency cost experienced by the large corporations instead of the banking relationship because large firms have larger access to the public debt market and therefore less depend on bank financing. They found that higher managerial ownership does positively influence asset utilization efficiency which was in line with result of Ang, Cole, and Lin. However, excessive discretionary expenses cannot be decreased by such ownership. Additionally, larger board size and outside block ownership does not improve the efficiency of a large corporation. However, this measure has three potential drawbacks. As McKnight and Weir (2009) suggested, sales may not actually come from profitable activities so sales may not be consistent with shareholders welfare. Secondly, cash flows that generated by the sales may being expropriated instead of being distributed to shareholders. Thirdly, as Coles et al. (2005) stated, productivity can vary even between firms within the same industry. Generally speaking, Ang et al. (2000) and Singh and Davidson (2003) provided a useful indicator of agency costs. Jacky Yuk-Chow So (2005) noticed that in Ang, Cole, and Lin’s study, ownership variables and external monitoring variables are highly significant statistically when a single regression is applied. However, some of these variables, such as family ownership and a banking relationship become insignificant when they are regressors of the multiple regressions. Therefore, he focused on the combined effect of expense ratio and asset-to sale ratio to measure agency cost using the NSSBF database from 1993 survey. This combined effect was analysed using both internal and external control variables. Debt-to-asset ratio and ownership variables were applied to study the impact of internal corporate control and the firm’s relationship to its bank was as proxies for external corporate control. Additionally, a dummy variable was also employed to capture the industry effect. Jacky Yuk-Chow So proposed that, the ‘combined effect’ approach implies that cash flow is a more app ropriate measure of managerial performance since it captures not only efficiency, but also leverage, which is measured by the debt-to-asset ratio. The ordinary least squares (OLS) method and seemingly uncorrelated regression (SUR) were used to test his hypotheses and found out firms in manufacturing industry tend to have the highest agency cost; family ownership more appropriately resolves the agency problem; cash flow reflect the joint impact of agency cost and efficiency; agency cost increases when there are more non-shareholder managers; the number of banks involves and the length of the bank relationship do not have significant impact to the agency cost. Indirectly measurement Jensen (1986) paid attention to the conflicts of interest between shareholders and managers over payout policies when the organization generates large free cash flow, which is the cash flow in excess of that requires to fund all projects that have positive net present value when discounted at the relevant coat of capital. He stated that agency costs will increase when high free cash flows are combined with poor growth opportunities and hence large free cash flows suggest greater managerial discretion and higher agency costs. Therefore, motivating managers to disgorge the cash rather than investing in low-return project or wasting it on organization inefficiencies is a puzzle of many firms. This theory explains the benefits of debt in reducing agency cost of free cash flows and how debt can substitute for dividends. Managers may increase dividends or repurchase stock or even announce a ‘permanent’ increase in dividend to control the use of free cash flow. However, such pr omises are weak since the dividends can be reduced in the future. In fact, the organization will be punished if dividend is cut with significant stock price reduction is consistent with the agency of free cash flow. Debt enables managers effectively bond their promise to pay out future cash flows. Thus debt reduces the agency cost of free cash flow by reducing the cash flow available for spending at the discretion of managers and can be an effective substitute for dividends. The interaction of free cash flow and growth prospects are used to measure of agency cost in many previous literatures. Opler and Titman (1993) stated that firms that have good growth prospects are more likely to be better managed. They are also less likely to have excess free cash flows because the available cash will be spent on positive net present value projects. Thus, as Jenson (1986), Doukas, Kim, and Pantzalis (2000) argued, agency costs may be regarded as a function of the interaction of growth opportunities and free cash flow. Firms that combine high free cash flow and low growth prospects can be regarded as suffering from high agency costs. Therefore, control function of debt is more important in thus organizations. Acquisitions are one way in which funds can be spent by managers rather than distributed to shareholders. Free cash flow theory (Jensen, 1986) predicts acquisitions decrease, rather than increase, shareholder wealth, particularly from the perspective of the acquirer’s shareholders. There is a significant literature which is in consistent with this theory. Servaes (1991) and Houston, James and Ryngaert (2001) have found significant negative short run returns to acquirers. Agrawal, Jaffe Mandelker (1992) undertook a thorough analysis of the post-merger performance of acquiring firms, measured by the stock market performance of a large number of acquiring firms over a long period of time. They concluded there is a strong evidence of long term underperformance following merger and this result is supported by Kohers and Kohers (2001). Accounting studies such as Sharma and Ho (2002) also show poorer post-acquisition performance. Finally, the survey done by Kelly, Cook, and Spitzer (1999) provide evidence that 53% of acquisitions were believed to have destroyed value. Given the extensive evidence that indicates a lack of positive returns to acquiring firms’ shareholders, it can be concluded that acquisitions can represent agency costs as directors use funds on negative net present value projects. Demsetz (1983) recognized, when a manager owns a small stake, market discipline may still force him toward value maximization. In contrast, a manager who controls a substantial fraction of the firm’s equity may have enough voting power or influence more generally to guarantee his employment with the firm at an attractive salary. In this case, manager may indulge his preference for non-value-maximizing behaviour. This Entrenchment hypothesis predicts the agency may increase and corporate assets can be less valuable when managed by an individual free from checks on his control. Morck et al. (1988) investigated the relationship between management ownership and the market value of the firm which is measured by Tobin’s Q. They found that Tobin’s Q increases as the board ownership increases from 0% to 5%, declines as the ownership rises further to 25%, and then continues to rise slowly when the board ownership rises beyond 25%. The increase of Tobin’s Q with ownership can be explained the convergence of interests between managers and shareholders, while the decline reflects entrenchment of the management team. The results confirm the conclusion that imposing a linear relationship between profit and the ownership by large shareholders is not appropriate. They also found that the presence of the founding family adversely affects Tobin’s Q in older firms, where the entrepreneurial of the founder might be less valuable. Conclusion The perspective of the development of AIM is optimistic. Mitigating the agency cost is a core part in corporate governance. Based on previous study, agency costs are higher when an outside manager manages the firm and when there are more non-manager shareholders. Managers’ ownership share and monitoring by banks may be a helpful corporate control mechanism that can decrease agency costs. However, imposing a linear relationship between profit and the ownership by large shareholders is not appropriate. The decrease of free cash flow will also decrease the agency cost. References Agrawal, A., Jaffe, J.F. Mandelker, G.N., 1992. The Post-Merger Performance of Acquiring Firms: A Re-Examination of an Anomaly. Journal of Finance, 47, 1605-1621. Ang, J., Cole, R., Lin, J., 2000. Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. The Journal of Finance, 55(1), 81–106. Bawden, T. Waller, M., 2007. London vs. New York: top US regulator attacks AIM ‘casino’. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article1490202.ece (accessed: 14 Jan 2011). Coles, J., Lemmon, M., Mescke, J., 2005. Structural Models and Endogeneity in Corporate Finance: The link between managerial ownership and corporate performance. Arizona State University working paper. Demsete, H., 1983, The Structure of Ownership and the Theory of the Firm. Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 375-390. Doukas, J., Kim, C., Pantzalis, C., 2000. Security Analysts, Agency Costs, and Company Characteristics. Financial Analysts Journal, 56(6), 54–63. Houston, J., James, C., Ryngaert, M., 2001. Where do merger gains come fromBank mergers from the perspective of insiders and outsiders. Journal of Financial Economics, 60, 285–311. Jacky Yuk-Chow So, 2005. Agency Costs and Ownership Structure: Evidence from the Small Business Finance Survey Data Base. Texas AM International University working paper. Jensen, M., Meckling, W, 1976. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360. Jensen, M. C., 1986. Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance and Takeovers. American Economics Review, 76, 323–339. Jensen, M. C., 1993. The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems. Journal of Finance, 43(3), 831–880. Kohers, N., Kohers, T., 2001. Takeovers of technology firms: Expectations vs. reality. Financial Management, 30, 35–54. Kelly, J., Cook, C., Spitzer, D., 1999. Unlocking Shareholder Value: The Keys to Success. New York: KPMG LLP. McKnight, P. J. Weir, C., 2009. Agency Costs, Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Ownership Structure in Large UK Publicly Quoted Companies: A Panel Data Analysis. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 49, 139–158. Opler, T., Titman, S., 1993. The Determinants of Leveraged Buyout Activity: Free Cash Flow vs. Financial Distress Costs. Journal of Finance, 48, 1985–1999. Servaes, H., 1991. Tobin’s Q and the gains from takeovers. Journal of Finance, 46, 409–41. Sharma, D., Ho, J., 2002. The Impact of Acquisitions on Operating Performance: Some Australian Evidence. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 29, 155–200. Singh, M., Davidson, W. A., 2003. Agency Costs, Ownership Structures and Corporate Governance Mechanisms. Journal of Banking and Finance, 27, 793–816. Morck, R., Shleifer, A. Vishny, R. W., 1988, Management Ownership and Market Valuation. Journal of Financial Economics, 20, 293-315. Mallin, C. Kean Ow-Yong, 2008. Corporate Governance in Alternative Investment Market. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. How to cite Agency cost and ownership structure in aim traded companies, Essay examples

Travels of a T-Shirt Book Report free essay sample

Often, when we think of a t-shirt, not much consideration goes past throwing it on and walking out the door. We discover in The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, author Pietra Rivoli conveys the story of a t-shirt she purchased in Florida for just $5. 99. Beginning with core element of the t-shirt, she describes the cotton boom in the United States and why we have reigned supreme as the leading cotton producer. She even meets with a Texan farmer who warms your heart from the very beginning of the chapter. Next, the cotton goes on to textile mills and factories, and Rivoli explains the history of the textile industry. With this lesson, she demonstrates how the textile industry boom was a leading contributor of the Industrial Revolution in many countries. From this point, we see the t-shirt waiting to be stitched together and awaiting its entrance into the global economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Travels of a T-Shirt Book Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rivoli then outlines how the garment finally enters U. S. franchises through a labyrinth of politics, quotas, slave labor, and activism. After it is purchased, worn, and discarded it enters a completely new market the small entrepreneurial clothing market in Africa, which according to Rivoli, is the only true free market. She illustrates how underdeveloped countries finally catch a break by capitalizing on another country’s garbage, ending the t-shirt’s international journey. Fundamentally, this book forces you to ask yourself some very important questions about our history as a nation, the exploitation of slave and labor, and the state of free trade as a whole. Question 2: What is this book’s main idea? With this comprehensive, economical, and historical depiction, Rivoli sincerely strives to present why. She insists the reader knows why the international textile industry functions the way it does, and shines a revealing light on the truth by conveying the good, the not-so-good, and especially the ugly. It is clear that Rivoli is striving to educate about global economics and allows for the reader to formulate their own conclusion about the industry. Her writing style takes into consideration those with very little economic awareness and fluidly phrases things into laymans terms. She is able to expand on the most complex ideas, such as quotas and tariffs in the textile industry, and still paint a complete picture in the mind of the reader. The relevance of this book can be measured by its ability to speak to the everyday individual, who may or may not know anything about economics, and plant the seed toward global economic education. It provides a keen social awareness to people who may or may not ordinarily care about international economics and can have an eye-opening effect toward what really happens in the textile industry. Rivoli also raises some substantial points about free trade and protectionism. After the facts are presented, she identifies that most of these alleged free markets aren’t actually free at all. She explains that quotas, political relationships, and labor issues make these markets restricted from being completely free. She writes a story of the wealth enhancing possibilities of globalization in some settings but a ‘cant win trap in others, a trap where power imbalances and poorly functioning politics and markets seem to doom the economic future. Question 3: Is the author arguing for free trade or protectionism? Explain. Rivoli is not making an argument for either side of protectionism or free trade. Of course, as an avid economist, Rivoli advocates free trade, as do all of her peers and colleagues unanimously. Nevertheless, she does not lean toward either side, but instead demonstrates that both sides can inadvertently stimulate economic development. She supplies us with an in-depth history of the protectionism of textiles in the United States up until the Multi-fiber Arrangement expired in 2005. She further emphasises the convolution, and even the ridiculousness, of the quotas, tariffs, and other restrictions that political lobbyists and U. S. manufacturers have enforced to protect the textile industry. Rivoli reveals that the t-shirt doesn’t enter into a free market until it becomes a discarded â€Å"castoff† and ends up in Salvation Army bin postmarked for Africa: America’s castoffs have customers the world over and clothing thrown away by Americans forms the backbone of a highly successful global industry. She argues, the policies of free markets are demanding that the American textile industry realize that international competitors from low-cost labor countries able to produce cheaper clothing, are forcing them to reconsider business strategies. She also points out that protectionism and lobbying has provided life to the American textile industry â€Å"only by unnatural acts of life support†. Moreover, Rivoli presents that most measures of protectionism have actually hindered American industries for the future. Question 4: According to Rivoli, what is the role of politics in international trade? The role of politics is very important within international trade. From the cotton slaves in the nineteenth-century, to the present crop insurance and subsidies paid by the taxpayer, cotton farmers of America have discovered a myriad of ways to escape the fires of the labor market. Primarily in China, freedom of movement is restricted internally to accomplish a parallel end result. Protectionism creates worldwide employment for the officials and bureaucrats administering the quotas, but simply delays the loss of lower-ranking jobs in the textile industry. Concurrently, it increases the price consumers pay for clothing and squelches textile manufacturing innovations in America. The cost of downstream industries increases and enhances foreign financiers who trade in quotas to determine market value. This tarnishes the efforts of freer trade in the United States with hypocrisy. Rivoli establishes the means behind the inefficiencies as the billions of dollars in costs are widely spread out, but the benefits are highly condensed. Rivoli touches briefly on the protection of property rights and insufficient rule of law in many countries. Furthermore, she suggests that the dilemma in underdeveloped countries is not the â€Å"cruelty of market forces†, but primarily an issue of politics. Since trade in used clothing is not as widely publicized as textile trade, this has given countries a leg up in improving their situation over the dominating economies. Question 5: What was the most intriguing idea or analysis you found in this book? The main point Rivoli derives from her t-shirt encounters is that the free markets aren’t as free as the name would suggest. Her findings about the restrictions, quotas, and politics of free trade made me realize it isn’t free at all. I liked that Rivoli allows the reader to come to this conclusion on their own and doesn’t bludgeon the facts with biased opinions. While reading this book, it was difficult for me to weigh the pros and cons of things like child labor and slavery. I found Rivoli’s optimistic outlook toward making the best out of terrible situations to be refreshing. By carefully interpreting the costs and benefits, I can see now that some of these sacrifices were worth it in the long run to enhance the industry. While providing an extensive history lesson about cotton, the politics of free trade, and worldwide Industrial Revolutions, I felt she may have left out a solid chunk of details about China. The details she included began with China’s Cultural Revolution but not much is offered before that. Since China is such a powerhouse in the global market, I would like to have encountered a stronger back-story. Overall, this book was educational and opened my eyes to how global trade really works. Not only did I gain a basic knowledge about the global economy as a whole, but I learned what a free trade market really means. Above all, Rivoli forced me to ask myself some very important questions about the history of cotton and the textile industry, the exploitation of labor and struggling underdeveloped countries, and the state of free trade on an international scale.

Turning an Idea Into a Novel

Turning an Idea Into a Novel The Lightbulb Moment: Turning an Idea Into a Novel M.T. Ellis is a Brisbane-based crime thriller author. She has just published her debut novel, Azrael,  which was inspired by a nightmare she had in 2014. In this article, M.T. talks about the so-called â€Å"lightbulb† moment - the moment an author strikes plot-gold. Writers, she explains, can have many lightbulb moments. They don’t each turn into full-fledged novels, but that doesn’t mean they belong in the recycle bin. M.T. is currently writing the second novel in her Detective Allira Rose series. Turning a nightmare into a novelPutting my ducks in a row Being an aspiring author is hard when you’re still searching for the right idea. That being said, when they all start coming to you, things can get challenging again. To keep myself organized and to make sure that I can fill in plot holes and gaps, I add a comment bubble at the start of each scene I write, with a sentence or two describing the scene and the character’s point-of-view. That way I can scroll through all the comments I’ve left for myself and get an overview of what scenes need to go where. Writing is hard when you’re looking for the right idea. When you find it, it's still challenging. Getting out of my own way After writing about 20,000 words, I was forced to abandon my manuscript for about eighteen months because I became busy with my day job. During this time, I occasionally wrote notes but it wasn't until that project finished that I was able to write the rest of the manuscript, which took about six months.During those six months, there were times when I couldn’t even look at the manuscript because I had developed such a fear of failure and a loss of confidence in the story. Conflictingly, I had also developed a fear of the book actually doing well and the potential of the ensuing attention. It was a strange struggle, which I eventually got over with the encouragement (and nagging!) of my family and friends.Turning to professionals After I wrote the first draft of Azrael, I took the first 20 pages and the synopsis to the 20 Pages in 20 Minutes session at the Brisbane Writers Festival where I was able to sit down with award-winning author Midge Raymond, and discuss the manuscript. Midge pointed out that my novel’s antagonist was too overbearing and unlikable. So for my first big rewrite, I incorporated parts of the antagonist's past into the story so that readers would be able to understand why he came to be a â€Å"villain.†Once my next draft of Azrael was ready for an edit, I turned to Reedsy and hired Allister Thompson for a structural edit and a copy edit. Allister was great; he pointed out the strengths and weaknesses of the manuscript and went through the text with a fine-toothed comb, offering suggestions on how to make the story more psychologically sound and more enticing to the reader.Tom Vowler was the final editor I used to complete my manuscript. I found him via Reedsy as well and he d id a thorough proofread of the manuscript. Tom taught me a lot: I was able to address the spelling and grammar mistakes I was constantly making while learning how to keep my writing consistent throughout the novel.My advice to fellow authorsWhat to do with all of those â€Å"dead-end† ideas? In short, keep them. Write them down and save them - all of them. While writing Azrael, when I thought of ideas that didn't quite fit, I’d put them in a folder called â€Å"Book 2.† Now that I have started writing the second book of my thriller series, some of the work will already be done because I’ve acquired a wealth of inspiration from unused scenes in the first novel. Don't see unused ideas as a waste of time - they may serve a purpose down the road. So don't see unused ideas as a waste of time because even if you feel like they don’t go anywhere in the moment, they may serve a purpose further down the road.Azrael is available in paperback and on Amazon Kindle!  For more information, visit M.T's website!Please  share your thoughts, experiences, or any questions for M.T, in the comments below!

Writing Wisdom Choosing Your Unique Style

Writing Wisdom Choosing Your Unique Style Writing Wisdom: Choosing Your Unique Style They say writing is like speaking and thinking. From the moment we learn how to form letters into words, we are introduced to the world of expressing ourselves. You can share your thoughts, ideas or what interests you with others poetically, metaphorically, or matter-of-factly (we took a little creative license with that turn of phrase). Pick a book, newspaper or magazine, and you will notice what’s written was done in a style that made the content interesting or boring. Thats why its important to pay attention to the words you write and how you present those words. Choosing the best writing style for your project can elevate your material to a â€Å"worthy read† or a classic. Writers not just professional novelists and historians but anyone who sits down and picks up a pen, need to select a style or form of writing they want to emulate. There are plenty of options to choose: Poems and lyrics: If we want to say something lyrically or rhythmically, whether to turn it into a song with music or say it with flow, this style of expression can be particularly meaningful. It can make language fun or moving, but takes talent, a quick wit, and a strong vocabulary. Tales and Novels: This is an exciting genre to explore. Tales and novels take you away from the current world to a place the author wants you to visit. It could be fiction or nonfiction, but the strength of the narrative lies in how much it involves its reader. Articles and blogs: The concept behind article or blog writing is to share a personal or professional story or experience to the reader. It can be an idea, product, event or a concept that the author wants to share with others and involve them in it by providing information and/or connecting with the reader. News Articles: News articles are a more focused form of writing where the content written informs others about something that happened or is happening. It is an actual event people might want to know about, or need to know about. This is done for the awareness and education of people. The emphasis of the writing is on â€Å"who, what, when, where, why and how.† Biographies and autobiographies: This form of writing delves into one’s own life or the life of someone else and shares the different stages, twists, turns, ups, and downs of it with others for entertainment and/or education. Writing is not limited to the list above there’s a whole new world to explore. Various forms and styles appeal to different authors and potential authors! If you want to explore your inner Dickinson, Hemingway, Shakespeare, Sande or Sartre, give us a

Social Aspects of Alcohol Uses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Social Aspects of Alcohol Uses - Research Paper Example According to the report findings to some people in the society, the preference they give alcohol exceeds that of food. On certain occasions, a number of men and women in today’s societies have lost their lives because of excessive alcohol consumption. Consequently, the increasing need for what is commonly referred as ‘liquid refreshment’ is becoming a major influence on community’s evolution. Many societies consider the drinking behavior as important for the entire social order. Nonetheless, for a modern complex society that has subgroups of people with different ages, the pattern that each group reflects special distinctiveness and the society’s cultural frame. Therefore, the drinking cultural practice ranges from keen immersion to complete rejection.This study discusses that  in many societies, people drink to celebrate, relax, and to socialize. However, its consumption has a strong effect and may vary differently from every user. Conversely, a n umber of factors determine how an individual may act under the influence of alcohol.   These factors include; age, health status, frequency of drinking, amount of alcohol consumed, and the family history. Many people from different societies reason that drinking alcohol in itself is not a problem but drinking excess alcohol may have negative consequences. Also, a variety of risks associated with excess alcohol consumption may result. When both the youth and the old consume alcohol, it enters the bloodstream, and the effects can be felt after about ten minutes of consumption. The concentration of alcohol increases in the body as one continues to consume more alcohol.

The economy of U.S.A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The economy of U.S.A - Essay Example It outlines the theoretical and methodological approaches that the country seeks to use in economic recovery process, asserting relative data sources and the theoretical perspective on the data’s view. The analytical approach of US economic policies The U.S.A needs to set an analytical approach to the economic issues and establish fiscal policies to stimulate growth, control amount of money in supply, dictate inflationary rates and of the dollar, and subsequently reduce the unemployment levels. The government should be certain of the factors that would help it achieve economic stability to the desired level. The United States should be observant on the whether the factors will positively or negatively affect the country at the long run (Gwartney and James, 250). The U.S.A engages in diverse economic prospectus criteria, ranging from macro to micro variables of forecasting for economic propulsion. The United States observes on the psychological impacts that a given policy would reflect from the economy. Therefore, the economy practices scientific theoretical approaches on the immediate factors of production, for example, the demand and supply variables, interests, and capital basis of the economy and labor. Theoretical and methodological approaches to the US economy The Keynesian theory as an approach to the economy of the United States would propel economic growth if well practiced. The theory stipulates that, during the short run period, productivity of the economy shape up in accordance to change in demand. The theory declares that the supply may not increase during an increase in the level of demand but may instead remain constant thus leading to an increase in prices, which consequently results to high costs of living, demand for salary increments, increased unemployment, and subsequent increase in inflation (Barfield and Claude, 314). The United States could adapt to the theoretical approach, which further inhibits the express authority of capitalists. America practices a free market enterprise whereby the investors make decisions on prices depending on the changes in market variables. The United States of America suffered economic crisis between the year 2007-2009 and eventually resulted to poor exchange value of the dollar against other currencies in the world (Majmundar and Malay, 43). America suffered intensely during the crisis due to the increased rate of unemployment, which implied negatively on the gross domestic product (GDP) because of the reduction of per capita income. America could view this aspect of fall back from another perspective, mainly by imposing controls on pricing whenever the demand of products increases with constant maintenance in supply. America’s approach of forecasting the futu re through leading economic indicators could also help the country realize economic prowess again. The index criterion is a methodological approach that eyes on the bank lending rates and the possible changes in the economy. The Keynesian approach emphasizes that federal bank should restrict on the amount of money in supply (a monetary policy) to ensure that the country does not suffer from inflation. The country should focus on the theoretical approach since, reduction of the amount of money in supply would press the economy to operate on the available balance of payment, and the country’

The Monopolist And Profit Maximization Economics Essay

The Monopolist And Profit Maximization Economics Essay Monopoly is a single seller and many buyers. There is no difference between firm and industry and monopoly form as imperfect market. Besides that, monopoly is the sole provider of goods and services. 2.1 Characteristics of Monopoly There are some characteristics of monopoly market. One seller and large number of buyers The one of monopoly characteristic is one seller and large number of buyers is large and the size of each firm is very small. The number of buyers also large and this firm cannot influence the market price. So basically, individual firm does not bother about the reactions of the firm. Besides that, adjusts its sale to earn maximum profits and the price given under perfect competition. The demand of individual buyers relative to the total demand. And so small that cannot influence the price of the product by his individual action. Product has no lose substitutes The second characteristics is, product differentiation, there is product are close substitutes but not perfect substitutes. Its means, products are alike but not equal. For an example, Colgate toothpaste is slightly different from Darlie toothpaste. Otherwise, similarly dettol soap is different from life buoy soap. But if the buyers can find any substitutes for toothpaste and soap means, may be the differences is real or imaginary but its create attachments. Consumers prefer one product to another, under monopolistic competition. Monopoly cannot exist if there is a competition or any substitute product because consumers or buyers could not find any replacement for the product. Restriction on the entry of new firm. The third characteristics of the monopoly are, firm under monopolistic are easy to entry and leave the industry. Barriers are not entry is natural or legal restriction that restricts the entry of new firms into the industry. Hence, a firm has legal control over other firms. There is restricting competition in the market. Advertising In monopoly market, advertising is depends to the product sold. If the product is good and services means, the monopoly needs make advertisement to inform consumers on the goods. So that, its try to establish goods of its own products. By the advertising, consumers can know their selling costs. However, if the products are not luxury goods such as water service, electricity service, and local telephone service, then the seller no need to create any advertisement. This is because a lot of the buyers know that where are the places and locations to get and purchase these few products. 2.1.1 Diagram The Monopolist and Profit Maximization In the diagram, the quantity of produced and price charged has own control for both of it. That also, entire demand curve for goods and services produced. So that, it will facing a downward slopping demand curve in the diagram. Equivalently, a monopoly never operates in the inelastic portion of its demand curve. Monopolist Profit Maximization http://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/site/micro3.12.gif What happens if the monopolist later faces a demand curve such as D1? In that case, the monopolist cannot cover costs and will go out of business. 2.1.2 Demand, Marginal Revenue, and Elasticity http://cyro.cs-territories.com/asa2_economics/unit4/images/monopolisticcompetitionlongrun1.png In the diagram, demand curve is elastic as there many firms. So that, there is lack of close substitutes. The profits shown as abnormal where the shaded area and competitor the short run. As shown in the graph above, a monopolist facing demand curve D0 will produce quantity Q0 and the price charged will be equal to P0. 2.1.3 Conclusion All in all, monopoly have four characteristics of structure. Besides that, monopoly is the sole provider of goods and services. The monopoly market is still solely by mutually beneficial exchange of firm exist and many. 3.0 Difference between Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly have their own respectively features. Their characteristic of their four markets is not same. In monopoly, the market structure in which there is only one producer and seller for a product. Oligopoly is only few firms that make up an industry and select group of firms has control over the price. Monopoly and oligopoly has high barriers to entry. Then, monopoly structure is opposite for perfect competition. Perfect competition are has many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and there are many substitutes. 3.1 Differentiate between perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly 3.1.1 Perfect competition Perfect competition is a market is a possible market where competition is at its greatest in possible level. The products are homogeneous and seller can easily enter and exit from their market. Number of seller and buyers Perfect competition is very large numbers of firms in the market. Perfect competition also existence of large number of buyers and sellers. There is no dominating firm and all firms are usually small and are price takers, because the individual sales volume is relatively small compared to market volume. The price does not change and there is no discernible change in the quantity exchanged in the market. Unrestricted to entry and exist The second characteristics of perfect competition is there are unrestricted on the entry and exist of both buyers and sellers. A firm can easily enter into perfect competition market and leave the market at any time, if that firm cannot continue the firm. The absence of such barriers does not affect the prices, and there is always a substitute for suppliers, who enters and leaves if, wants. If any losses occur the firm will exist the industry without any reason. This is important to understand the free entry and free exist is possible in the long-time firm. Homogeneous product There another condition of perfect competition is homogeneous product that is a product offer for sale by seller. It must be goods offers for sale and perfect substitutes of one another seller. One firm cannot differentiate the same products sold in the industry because buyers can identify the difference in terms of colors, quality and packing. There is mean, even though the products are same in nature but there is difference in terms of quality. Seller cannot raise the price above the prevailing price or lower the price. Homogeneity of product has an important implication for the market if products of different seller. Besides that, buyers not care who they buy from, as long as the price is same. Maximum profits In the perfect competition, profit maximization determine by the quantity of product they sell. The marginal cost by the product of a single unit of the product is equal to the marginal revenue. Total revenue and total cost approach are the profit maximization. When the cost is lowest, and then only can be maximum profit. 3.1.2 Monopolistic competition The concept monopolistic competition is more realistic than perfect competition. Monopolistic competition market each firm has its own price policy. The most things from another thing feature of monopolistic competition are the products of various firms are not identified. But they are close substitutes for each others. In the case, monopolistic and perfect competition is characteristic by the existence of sellers. The firms do not produce perfect substitutes. Otherwise, each firm has a small percentage of the total monopolistic market and thus has limited control over market price. Product differentiates. Under monopolistic competition, product differentiation may entail physical or qualities differences in the products by their selves. There output product are differentiated between which are relatively close substitutes for each other. So that, that product prices cannot be very much different from each other. Product differentiated by location, services, designs, and brand names. The firms in monopolistic competition will differentiated their products and make them more appealing to the customers in order to maximize their profits. 3.1.3 Oligopoly In an  oligopoly, there are only a few firms that make up an industry. This select group of firms has control over the price and, like a monopoly; an oligopoly has high barriers to entry. Main characteristic of oligopoly is interdependence of firms in the industry. Sum more, in the oligopoly market, all firms can earn abnormal profits in the long run because, the entry of new firms are difficult. Oligopoly is not like monopolistic market, because if firms change the prices or output, it has noticed effects on the sales and profits of its competitors. Small number of large firm Approaches from small number of large firm are each which is relatively large compared to the overall size of market. Under oligopoly, few firms control the overall industry and there is no specific number of firms that must control the market. Homogeneous of differentiated product Under oligopoly, when a product sold that can be either a homogeneous or a differentiated product. For example, petroleum, steel and etc. and also, oligopoly focus on goods sold. Basically, people have different wants needs and thus enjoy variety. Such as, automobiles and computers. Barriers no entry Barriers no entry is similar to monopoly market. The oligopoly firms will restrict new entry into the market. In this industry, a few huge firms own most of the available iron ore, a necessary raw material for steel production. Once the new firms are out of the market, there large firms reduce the production will increase the price. In these cases, barriers to entry are low, and it also as small investment may be required to enter the market structure. 3.1.4 Monopoly Monopoly can be considered opposite of perfect competition. It is a market form in which there are only sellers. Even though, there are many factors to rise up monopoly market. There is only one supplier; and the demand curve that individual firms face is the market demand curve. A monopoly firm is deemed to have considerable control over the price of its product. In the case a monopoly can also arise if a company owns the entire supply of a necessary material needed to produce a product. 3.1.5 Conclusion Characteristic Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Number of firms Very Many Many Few One Type of Product Homogeneous Differentiated Homogeneous / Differentiated Only product of its kind (no close substitute) Ease of entry Very easy Relatively easy Not Easy Impossible Price Setting power Nil (Price taker) Somewhat Limited Absolute (Price Maker) Non Price Competition None Considerable Considerable for a differentiated oligopoly Somewhat Productive efficiency Highly efficient Less Efficient Less Efficient Inefficient Long run profits 0 0 Positive High Examples Doesnt Exist; agriculture close Fast Food, retails stores, cosmetics Cars, Steel, soft drinks, cereals Small town newspaper, rural gas station 4.0 Conclusion and recommendations In the whole assignments, I learned about microeconomics subject ant it is a very important subject to whom taking business course. The subject teaches every student about business skills and helps to learn about business knowledge of economics. In first question, I know the characteristics of monopoly. I also learn the differentiated of monopoly in the markets. The second question is about the differentiate between perfect competition, monopolistic competition, monopoly and oligopoly markets. From this question, I learned about the four characteristics of the markets such as the four markets are not same all the times. In spite of this assignment, I thank to my lecturer and coordinator for guide us to do this introduction to business. I appreciate from this assignment that I can know well about the business chapters. Appendix

Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics Essay

Over the past centuries, many religious beliefs have been criticized by many philosophers and critics. Christian faith has never been saved from these criticisms. In fact it has received one of the major blows of disparagement. This criticism of the Christian faith has caused damage to the Christian believers. Due to the criticism of Christianity, Christian believers were also criticized and were questioned by their fellow human beings. And because of these, Christian believers were caught unaware and did not know what to do. Furthermore, this also caused believers to have weak faith in Christianity. There were even others who lost their faith because of these attacks. Due to a lot of criticisms, it was seen by many school of thought in Christian Theology that a solution must be provided to the arising problem. According to the scholars, apologetics is the solution to the dilemma. Christian Apologetics is a branch in Christian Theology that defends the Christian faith. It tries to answer the question â€Å"is Christianity believable? †. It originated from the Greek word â€Å"apologia† which means ‘making a defense†. Attacks of the Christian faith coming from the outside of the church are mean dealt with apologetics (Philip and Cherian). Presently an integrated approach in apologetics has been developed which sees apologetics in a holistic perspective. A person who is studying or has background on Apologetics is called a Christian Apologist and can help inquirers about their question in Christianity. A Christian Apologist can teach and help the person having doubts on Christian beliefs to see and find the answers to the problems and questions that he is facing. The Apologist can also teach the inquirer the humanistic philosophy which can help them overcome their doubts and will help them find the root causes of the problem. These also give the inquirer capability to deal effectively with the questions being raised to them. The basis of Christian Apologetics could be traced back to the bible. According to Philip and Cherian, Apologetics is a biblical activity which has been advised and demonstrated in the Bible at various places. One of the example is the verse from 1 Peter 3:15 which goes â€Å"always be prepared to make a defense to any one who calls your account for that hope is in you†. Many verses in the bible give a good definition of the character of Apologetics. According to Philip and Cherian, almost all of the books of Jobs are an Apologetic to justify to God’s dealings with mean. Furthermore, they also mentioned that verses in Psalms 14 and 19are apologetic in character. Romans 1:20 is also another verse in the bible that describes the character of Apologetics. With this few examples it can be said that all activities in Apologetics is referred from the Bible. An important role of Apologetics towards the Bible is that it answers inquiry of people who have been attacked by nonbelievers. Base on the module written by Philip and Cherian entitled â€Å"Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics†, the Bible places a great deal on faith and belief, though I condemns deliberate skepticism and unbelief, it does not speak against reason and investigation. The Bible encourages the use of reason and investigation when they are done sincerely and is an aid to honest inquiry. This is where Apologists play an important role, providing answers to honest inquirers. Furthermore, Apologetics is also related to Polemics which deals with attacks originating from within the church (Philip and Cherian) which is a bit unusual. Attackers from within the church includes everyone who teach perverted doctrines which could take in two forms. The first form is in the form of distorted bible and the second is through those of false cults who claim that they are a true Christian group. Apologetics and Polemics have the same purpose, which is to refute error and to establish truth in Christianity (Philip and Cherian) though they are two different activities. However, with the various forms of attacks that the Christian Church has undergone and undergoing, both polemics and apologetics has to know hw counter all the forms of attack which means that if you’re an Apologetic you should have knowledge on Polemics and vice versa. In this way, the person is well prepared for the things that will come his way. Attacks of the word of God are no just recent. Apologetics has its roots in the Bible. The Old and New Testament gives enough evidence of this (Philip and Cherian). The attacks can be rooted back to the Old Testament. It can be noticed that during the old times many people have already questioned the existence of God which had form doubts on the Christian Church and has never ceased up to the present date. Thus, from then on Apologetics has been part of history. During those days, it is the Jewish Fathers and leaders that have to face so much opposition from non-believers. The non-believers published a lot of written works to question and discard the Christian faith. At this point also, the Jewish fathers and Leader also wrote some books to counter the attacks and one famous apologetic works is Contro Apion which was written by the first century army officer and historian name Flavious Josephus (Philip and Cherian). During the rise of the New Testament, the attacks to Christian faith were a little different compared to the Old Testament. The attacks to the Christian faith were a lot faster because of the new technological advancements on this time. Aside from the advancements, Philip and Cherian stated that during this time the availability of the New Testament itself cause the rise of many critics, heretics and heretical movements. However, this was countered by the authors of the New Testament. Majority of the readings in the New Testament is an opposition to scornful people and heretics that distrust biblical truths. To make the truth heard, the writers of the New Testament wrote extensively to expose errors abut the attacks that has been made (Philip and Cherian). The existence of the New Testament has caused more damage to the Christian faith since the teaching found in the New Testament were in contrary to the beliefs of the heretics, criticizers and rebel Christians (Philip and Cherian). In addition, the New Testament insists of Bible alone, Christ Alone, Grace Alone, and faith alone which further provoked the doubtful believers. These non believers were also afraid that Christianity would spread very fast that they tried to stop it by destroying or saying things against the Bible, Jesus Christ and Christianity. However, this has not shaken Christian Apologist at that time, instead of giving in, they fought the non-believers of Christian faith by producing volumes of Christian Apologetics and Polemics. However, during the recent years, the fight of Christian Apologist became dormant when the Roman Catholic Church ruled the Christian world stiffly. The roman Catholic Chruch at this time (fourth century to the 14th century) indulged in a great struggle for ecclesiastical as well as temporal power that they tend to silenced, torture, and killed millions of dissenting people (Philip and Cherian). So instead of fighting back, Christian Apologists tend not to speak because of the life threatening situation. When the dictatorial rule of the Catholic Church was over, Christianity was rejected by many people since the didn’t understand the difference between Roman Catholic Church, the true church of Christ, and the Christ of the Bible. This was coupled with the rise of a lot of anti-Christian thinkers, philosophies and movements. A lot of anti-Christianity group arise during the 19th century and there common goal is to oppose to the Bible and to Christianity as well. They also believed that Christianity could be challenged but they haven’t got sufficient information to do so (Philip and Cherian). During this time, Charles Darwin, a scientist who proposed the Theory of Evolution for the first time in a theory of science united all the dissenting movements. This Theory of Evolution had greatly affected Theology by the end of the 19th century. Many theologians from Europe and America accepted the Theory of Evolution and convinced other theologians especially German Theologians. However, these German Theologians began to act as mercenaries and destroyed the belief in the Bible. And one of their major goals is to destroy Christianity. They published lots of books that were spread worldwide. But despite the eagerness of German Theologian to destroy Christianity, many still don’t agree with them. Many were interested in keeping both beliefs together. However, this did not give Christianity a positive light. Instead, it created more conflict especially on the creation. Defenders then of the doctrine became so few. Belief on Christianity and the Bible, was risen during the fifties were in a group started writing aggressively on themes defending the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible which gave birth to the modern interest in Apologetics and Creation (Philip and Cherian). In India, the theological situation is the same with the West. Thus, it was expected that is would turn out the same with what had happened in the West. However, there were few people who stood up against these teachings. One of the first was Prof. H. Enoch, during the 60’s he published a book entitled â€Å"Evolution or Creation† which has influenced a lot of young Indians (Philip and Cherian). During the 60’s and 70’s in India it was only Cross and Crown, a Pentecostal Magazine that publishes articles defending the history of the Bible and creation. This magazine was edited by Dr. Thomas Mathews from Udapair, Rajasthan (Philip and Cherian). In the 70’s A. K. Skariah, a secretary of the fellowship of scientist known as FOCMOS or Fellowship of Christian Men of Science, which was later called Creation Scientist Fellowship (CSFI), became a tireless campaigner for creation and Apologetics even if their organization is not functioning anymore (Philip and Cherian). Another important person in India who studied apologetics is Dr. Johnson Philip who founded a project namely Creation Research in 1970’s. The objective of his research is to publish articles about apologetics and creation. Currently, the book has more than 1500 articles and is publish in six different languages. This movement is now known as Calvin School of Apologetics and Theology (Philip and Cherian). This man also, Johnson George, born in Kerala is another person who palyed a significant role in Christian Apologetics. He has contributed writing on apologetical themes in several languages. Other people such as Dr. Ezhamkulam Samkutty, J. C. Dev, E. S. Thomas and Paul K. Ramakrishan also played a role in apologetics. Recently an apologetics organization entered India known as RZIM which was founded by Dr. Ravi Zacharias from the U. S. A. (Philip and Cherian). Through the years, apologetics has been very important in the everyday living of many people. Together with the constant change that humanty is facing, approaches used by Christian Apologetics has also been changing with time. However, certain puposes of Apologetics has never changed with time which includes: a) to refute all the accusations that are brought against the Bible and the Christian faith; b) to demonstrate that only the Bible and the Christian way of life work in the actual life and that only the Bible and Christian faith provide permanent peace and happiness; c) to remove the sincer doubts in the hearts of believers and unbelievers, so that the hindrances to the growth and establishing their faith are eliminated and; d) to provide sufficient evidence for achieving the above goals. Thus, t is necessary for the apologist to understand the difference between sufficient and total proof (Philip and Cherian). In Christian apologetics, everything is decided on the basis of proof. However, there are still people who think of it differently. There are many people who views Christian Apologetics through skepticism, Christian Rationalism, Local Christianity and through faith (Philip and Cherian). Apologetics is a fast changing and fast growing field in Christian Theology. Thus, people who want to study this field should not misunderstand its role, purpose and contributions. It should be noted that Apologetics is a â€Å"manward operations† (Philip and Cherian) which means that its main purpose is to help those who are confused and in anguished due to doubts. It does not defend the bible a though it were a helpless book. In apologetics, the bible is defended to those who have doubts about it so that they will have a clear belief about the bible. Apologetics is not there to preserve the Bible but it there to preserve the faith of the doubting believer. For this to take effect, the apologist should b able to briefly understand the aim and goals of apologetics because only a person with proper understanding of apologetics can do his job properly. It should also be taken into consideration, that though the main purpose of apologetics is to defend the Christian faith, it also has limits. One of its limit which is crucial is that it should never be use to prove that the Bible is the word of God. It can only point to the unusual character of the Bible in matters of unity, accuracy, consistency, historicity and life-changing power. At this point an apologist should take note that it’s purpose is to aid a person to see that the attacks bought up against the bible are not valid (Philip and Cherian). Another purpose of apologetics is to remove the barrier that hinders faith (Philip and Cherian). The removal of these barriers helps accepts Christian faith whole heartedly. It also helps them make deeper commitments to the church. With this, the Christian faith and church becomes stronger with believers that have a complete trust to it. In addition to the purpose of apologetics is to inform honest inquirers on how reliable the rational content of the Bible is and that the Bible is not for rationalist. However, the demands of rationalists have been a benefit to Christian apologist because it formed an excellent standard to evaluate the statements of apologists (Philip and Cherian). To help a person who wants to abandon his unbelief that has been there due to his lingering but sincere and honest doubts is another purpose of apologetics (Philip and Cherian). It is not a treatment for deliberate unbelief but it is meant to serve as a cure for sincere doubts. Apologetics is not there to prove the divinity of the Bible instead it is there to point to the uniqueness of the scriptures which places the scriptures in proper sequence (Philip and Cherian). It should also be noted that apologetics is not scientism. They are of two different schools. Scientism is the belief that ultimately everything has to be explained with the help of science which is a false belief (Philip and Cherian). It should be taken into consideration that not all things happening in this world can be explained by science. There are certain things that happen what cannot be explained by science and it in manner faith is strongly given emphasis. Moreover, studying Christian apologetics has many practical values. Studying apologetics conserves the faith of an individual which means that he is ready to face the questions that will bombard him in his everyday living. Individual who is ready for such will not be able to loose his faith because he already knows what to do to the attackers. Ability to combat a foe is also improved when one is studying or has a background in Christian apologetics. He becomes better in answering the questions of unbelievers. Aside from this he can provide believable answers to the inquirers and wile main composed in circumstances. In addition, apologetics can also aid the youth in there sincere queries about Christian faith. In this manner apologists serves as a guide to the young minds. It should also be taken into account that there are also people who are not interested in Christian apologetics. This people became uninterested in apologetics due to their misconceptions and misunderstandings of the study. These people are categorized by Philip and Cherian into six categories which are: a) those people who never had any doubts in Christian faith; b) people who never had to face questions and attacks from scornful people; c) people who have indeed faced personal doubts and external attacks but who have been running away from facing the challenge; d) people who have lost sensitivity towards the pains and problems of other and pseudo-apologists who love prestige, but who have never mastered the subject. These six categories of people do not have any sufficient evidence to object or question Christian apologetics. Most of their objections are base on their personal views on how they view the subject. They are not sincere inquirers but rather they only want to impose what they believe and think is right. They believe that the bible contains errors and are insensitive to other people. Aside from non-believers, there are also people who oppose to Christian apologetics. These people who oppose to apologetics do not agree that reason and faith should be placed in the same dominion. They believe that the human understanding is not capable in the spiritual realm. This belief is highly in contrast with the Christian approach to truth wherein one has to accept that faith and reason do mix with each other in many realms of spiritual truth (Philip and Cherian). In addition to distrust, fear of being attack or questioned about faith is another reason why people oppose to apologetics (Philip and Cherian). They are afraid to face attacks because they feel that they aer capable of doing such things. So instead of facing the problem, these people tend to run away from the problem. Ignorance is also another reason why people are opposing to Christian apologetics (Philip and Cherian). They are completely ignorant about the things that are happening that when they are faced in certain problem or situation they tend to react to things because of their ignorance. Due to the much opposition of apologetics, an apologist should be very careful in handling situations. A debate is a big no in apologetics except when the crowd is mature enough and is made up of small number of seekers (Philip and Cherian). If engage in a debate, the apologists should still be very careful and should bot deliver the debate in a form such as speaker-to-audience. Apologists should bear in mind that they should always take control of the situation they are in. Apologetics is such a very complicated topic and because of it’s complexity, many apologists tend to make compromises to patch some things that cannot be resolved. However, this kind of act is not advised by Christian apologists as it can cause more damage to the truth. Compromise is like a slow poison that attacks the Christian faith which can be more destructive than the fiercest direct attack in the Christian faith. When opposing systems are synthesized into one, it is the truth that always suffers (Philip and Cherian). In the integrated approach to Christian apologetics, the following statements are the benchmark: Bible alone, Grace alone, Faith alone, Christ alone, to God alone be Glory. Christian apologetics shall always stand in favour of truth, total truth and truth alone (Philip and Cherian). The truth will always be the truth and should always be separated from error. Reference Philip, Johnson and Cherian, Saneesh. Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics. A Calvin Research Group Academic Resource, Module 001A1. Retrieved on 22 January 2007.