Disorders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disorders - Research Paper Example ebilitating effects rather than for those which are defined through sociological structures that the effects provide a disruption rather than a complete barrier to leading a high quality life. The unfortunate fact about autism at this time is that there is no definitive cause for the condition. With no cause, there is no true medical treatment through pharmaceuticals. There are a series of mainstream theories on the causes of autism that are being researched in order to help to get closer to a cure or prevention of the condition. One of the theories revolves around the introduction of toxic chemicals into the system of the mother while the child is within her womb. The types of chemicals that could be responsible could be as mundane as those found in cleaning products or as seemingly benign as those found in toys, food, or water through heavy metals. These effects could be developed in the womb, or this is some suggestion that they are developed right after birth during the first year.1 There have not been any definitive answers, however, as to whether environmental chemicals conclusively cause autism. Another possible cause of the condition might be a genetic issue. There are many genetic disorders that can be detected through testing, but thus far a genetic connection between children with autistic traits has not been found. While there is no foundation as yet for this theory, the concept that genetics is the primary cause of autism is still considered the most likely causal candidate.2 Other possible causes include mitochondrial problems, prenatal and birth factors, neurological structure anomalies, autoimmune issues, or a neurobiological disorder. One of the biggest problems with the study of autism is that for most of history it was considered a psychiatric problem and was treated as a mental disorder rather than a biological condition. Therefore, the research is relatively new and has not reached its zenith of discovery. The condition was first considered

Provide a structural explanation of the behavior of EITHER England, Essay

Provide a structural explanation of the behavior of EITHER England, France, Germany, Russia, or austria-hungry in 1914 - Essay Example Consequently, this study examines the structural behavior of German in 1914. During the period, German had a centralized well-organized system of governance guarded by a strong military combat. Studies indicate that in the 19th century Germany’s army was the world’s best. Under Bismarck authority, German had successfully challenged France in an earlier war and expanded its command to many states. Indeed, country’s command system was capable of accessing support from Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. European powers had established considerable command in Africa and India and Germany considered checking the trend. With excellent organization and strong command, the country considered that it could constructively lobby its allies to fight a common enemy to expand its command. During the period, the prevailing situation highlighted that the force had an excellent potential of supporting a war. Extensive economic ties that included Germany and Britain as the prime protagonists characterized the period earlier to 1914. The country’s system spearheaded extensive industrial growth, superior ambitions, reputable military and terrifying conscription. The Germany observed an aggressive and expansionist oversee policies while the Britain adopted a hesitant approach. As indentified, Germany was experiencing rapid economic growth that proved to be in a position of supporting the war accordingly. Additionally, Germany had adopted an approach of annexing lands from inferior states that lead to accumulation of resources. Importantly, Germany’s potential in maintaining a war was evident in its strong military. In the 19th century, Germany expanded its armies and navies extensively doubling the size of its standing armies in the period of 1870 to 1914. The country’s aggressive naval expansion worried other powers that felt threatened

The Importance Of Communication Of Nurses

The Importance Of Communication Of Nurses This essay will explore the importance of communication in nursing; define communication and look at the different modes of communication and barriers to communication. A reflective model will be used to describe how communication impacted on care delivery in practice. Although each person will bring their own experience of ways to communicate, it will discuss how student nurses can develop their skills that will assist them to ensure excellent communication and also how qualified nurses continue to learn communication throughout their profession. Baillie, (2009) indicate that It is predominantly imperative for a nurse to have and develop effective communication skills. A nurse will have contact with a wide range of individuals during nursing; this includes the patient and their relatives and also members of the healthcare team. (Thompson 2003, cited in Baillie 2009) suggests that communication is not only needed whilst transferring information from one person to another, it plays a significant role in relationships. Kenworthy et al. (2002) indicates that Communication comprises of three fundamental factors; the sender, the receiver and the message. Successful communication can be defined when the receiver is able to interpret the senders message whilst reflecting on their thoughts and feelings and the message received is almost accurate to that of the sender. There are various modes of communication that a nurse may use. For example, face to face contact, telephone calls, emails and letters. (Kenworthy et al. 2002) Daniels et al. (2010) explain that communication has two parts; a verbal and a non verbal message. Verbal communication is associated with speech and usually heard through the persons ears, however paraverbal cues for example, pitch, speech, inflection and volume can be associated with verbal messages changing the word meaning. Different cultures may find spoken language to be problematic to understand because paraverbal cues may differ from one culture to another. However, paraverbal cues such as a happy friendly smile or crying with grief are associated with different cultures and may help with a cultural barrier. (Daniels et al. 2010) The way in which a nurse speaks and the tone of voice can be very reassuring to a patient, however a patient can also misinterpret the tone as being demeaning or they may even become frightened. Another very important factor suggested by Corner and Bailey (2008) is the way in which a nurse may choose words ensuring that a patient will understand and not be confused with any medical jargon. A nurse requires excellent awareness of communication theories whilst giving verbal handovers in both hospital and community settings. A report will only become effective during handover if the nurse has a confident attitude, along with good verbal and non verbal skills creating an ideal environment for communication between the healthcare team to ensure continuity of care.(Thurgood [no date] ) Nurses are responsible for maintaining confidentiality. (NMC, 2008) Confidentiality is imperative in a therapeutic relationship with information only being shared between appropriate people. (Sundeen et al. 1998) Nonverbal communication is made up of all types of communication, with the exception of total verbal communication. Nonverbal communication is usually observed through the eyes however, other senses in the body can compliment this. (Kenworthy, 2002) Nonverbal aspects of a message can include kinesis, facial expression, gesture, touch, movement, body language and eye contact. (Baillie, 2009) Nonverbal communication can be divided in three ways; sign, action and object. Sign nonverbal communication can include hand gestures and sign language, action nonverbal communication can include how you move around, involving body movements that do not offer precise signals. Object nonverbal communication can include furnishings, hairstyles and clothing. (Sundeen et al. 1998) Written communication is certainly a significant method of communication and is crucial in a healthcare setting. The (NMC, 2008) states that it is imperative that all records are kept clear and accurate. This must include all information on assessments, discussions, treatment and the effect of them. Unfortunately, (Bailie, 2009) points out that written communication is an area that is often ignored, stating that good written communication is vital to protect the patients welfare, encouraging high standards of continuity and clinical care, ensuring healthcare team members receive accurate information. Bailie, (2009) suggests that there are different barriers that may prevent a nurse from communicating that may influence the development of a therapeutic relationship, arguing that Physical barriers may possibly include the surrounding environment, a patient who is in need of pain management or any speech, hearing or visual problems. Bailie, (2009) indicates that psychological barriers may include the emotional needs such as anxiety or personality issues such as a person being introvert or having different beliefs and social barriers can be caused if a person feels that their own social status is categorised by hierarchy, religious or culture beliefs. Students are encouraged to keep reflective journals of experiences whilst on clinical placements. Reflective journals enable students to learn from their experiences, enhancing their communication development. However, education should be a lifelong experience in that qualified nurses are also encouraged to keep journals. Journals are known as reflective practice and studies have shown that using these can lead to better practice. (Sully Dallas, 2005) I now plan to use Gibbs model of reflection (1988). This model of reflection is simple to follow for a first piece of reflective writing (please see appendix 1). The patient who has been used in this scenario will be referred to as Mr Jones. The reason for not using the patients real name is to respect the patients confidentiality. (NMC, 2008) On my second day of placement Mr Jones was transferred to the ward from the Accident and Emergency Department. During handover the nurse explained that Mr Jones had been referred from his general practitioner since he was complaining of pain in the throat area. As previously mentioned, Thurgood, [no date] states that a handover will only be successful if the nurse has good verbal and non verbal skills. Mr Jones general practitioner was also concerned as he had not eaten anything and drank very little over the previous two days. Past medical history revealed that Mr Jones had been diagnosed with mouth and throat cancer three months ago and was currently receiving chemotherapy treatment at another hospital. However, the nurse described that Mr Jones had become quite angry at times and that he removed his venflon out of his arm and refused fluids. My mentor asked if I would assist her whilst taking Mr Jones observations. The observations involved taking the patients temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure. Comparisons were then compared to the patient baseline and plotted on a chart. Baillie, (2009) suggests that all nurses who observe patients should have the necessary skills and knowledge to understand the measurements and take appropriate action. The medical team decided that the way forward with medical treatment was by firstly ensuring that sufficient fluids were given to Mr Jones. The doctor asked Mr Jones for consent to insert a venflon in his hand whilst explaining the importance of fluids in the body, yet he kept shaking his head. The (NMC, 2008) states that we must gain consent before any treatment and respect the patients choice. The doctors decided that they would prescribe Mr Jones a supplement drink. (Cancerhelp) suggests that Supplement drinks can be used if a patient has a poor appetite and not able to take in enough nourishment into the body. The medical team decided that the nurses on the ward should encourage Mr Jones with oral fluids over the following twenty four hours and assess from there. Mr Jones became quite angry with the doctors and started pushing his arms away, prompting them to leave. Once the medical team had left I volunteered to sit down with Mr Jones as he appeared to be quite upset. I introduced myself as a student nurse. Mr Jones seemed a very pleasant man however, I soon realised that Mr Jones found it very difficult responding to my questions due to his speech. Mr Jones became more upset and at this point he started to cry, I reached out for a tissue and passed it to Mr Jones, I also held his hand to comfort him. As mentioned previously, Bailie, (2009) suggests that non verbal communication such as touch can be reassuring to the patient. I felt quite nervous at this point, being a student and not experienced, I was not sure what to talk about next, so I stood up and told Mr Jones that I would be back in a minute. I walked to the toilet and became upset, I felt absolutely useless not knowing what to do and more so, to see a grown man similar to my own dads age crying. I put a small amount of cold water over my face and wiped my eyes before I went back on th e ward to prevent people from seeing that I had been upset. I spoke to my mentor and discussed with her that I thought Mr Jones was struggling to communicate with me as his speech was very poor and how upset he had become. (Maguire 1978, cited in Hanson 1994) states that a patient with cancer may find it difficult to communicate to show any worries that they might have. My mentor explained to me that speech more often does become deteriorated when people have mouth or throat types of cancer. I asked my mentor how she felt if I offered Mr Jones a pen and notepad to enable him to write things down or if that at any time he felt he could not communicate by speech comfortably. Baillie, (2009) indicates that speech problems can cause a physical barrier to a patient. My mentor said that she thought it was a good idea and that I could try if I wanted to. I returned to the bay and found that Mr Jones had pulled the curtains around his bed. I can understand that Mr Jones wanted privacy from the other patients and maybe staff as he was clearly upset. I popped my head around the curtain, smiled at Mr Jones and asked if he was happy for me to come and sit down with him. Mr Jones smiled and started tapping on the chair, gesturing for me to sit down. I sat down and asked Mr Jones if he found it difficult to communicate with his speech and he nodded. Speech disorder, (2009) suggests that Cancer of the throat can cause loss of the individuals voice and speaking ability. This can be problematic for a patient who would normally use verbal communication. I then continued to show Mr Jones that I had brought a note pad and pen, offering for him to use if he wanted. Mr Jones smiled at me and wrote down thank you. Mr Jones then started to open up, writing down that he felt secluded and on times felt patronised by the doctors because he used to live in Pakistan. I reassured Mr Jones and asked why he did he feel this way, he replied by saying that he was confused, there with things he did not understand, the doctors do not listen, he was very scared of dying and asked me if he going to die. Corner Bailey (2008) indicate that doctors prefer to use closed questions as opposed to open questions, concentrating on the biomedical model and not the emotional needs of the patient. I explained to Mr Jones that I would ask a member of the team to come along and have a chat with him and try to answer the questions that I felt I could not answer being a student nurse. At this point I asked Mr Jones if he would like to have a sip of water and he gave me the thumbs up. I felt really good with myself at this point, I was not experienced however, I had encouraged the patient to drink a small amount of water. I then discussed this with my mentor who agreed that this patient absolutely needed to be able to understand what the medical team were explaining to him and equally important that the medical team must listen to the needs of the patient. Corner and Bailey (2008) argue that it is important for a patient to have a balanced relationship, along with good doctor-patient communication to enable a patient to have faith in their professional opinion. My mentor asked me to be present with her, whilst she had a chat with Mr Jones and I agreed. My mentor came down to the patients level to ensure good eye contact and allowing the patient to answer many open questions, to enable us to get a good understanding of how he was feeling. Wiggens (2006) suggests that open questions will gain an enhanced assessment of the patient, allowing them to speak freely. Mr Jones felt much more at ease once my mentor had finished explaining the importance of fluid and nutritional intake that the body needs. Mr Jo nes was able to write down on the notepad any questions that he felt had been unanswered and anything that he wished to have a better understanding of. Gurrero, (1998) suggest that nurses must be willing to use other means of communication aids, for example white boards, writing pads and pens. The hospital had kept a food chart for Mr Jones since he had been admitted into hospital, clearly showing a very minimal amount of fluid intake and no nutritional intake. My mentor decided to show this to Mr Jones, fortunately he understood and consented to have a new venflon put back in his arm. Mr Jones continued to write down that he felt he was unable to swallow properly and that he would prefer to have fluids this way. My mentor phoned the doctor to come to the ward and Mr Jones happily consented. I felt totally powerless when seeing the frustration that Mr Jones showed towards the medical team during his first assessment on the ward. I could see that there was nothing that the medical team could do to encourage Mr Jones to have the venflon put back in. I believe that because of the breakdown in communication from the doctor, Mr Jones became very distressed. As previously mentioned Corner and Bailey (2008) argue that a doctor-patient relationship is needed for good communication. I felt very inexperienced and accepted the fact that the medical staff knew what they were doing however, I hoped that the doctors would have done something more, even though I understood that the patient had a right to say no to any form of medical treatment that was offered. I was concerned that Mr Jones would die if he did not eat or drink. The other nurses on the ward did not seem to be as anxious to the situation as me. This resulted in me becoming quite distressed over the whole situation, even questioning myself if nursing was for me. I discussed how I felt with my mentor and this left me feeling very positive. My mentor was a very experienced nurse who explained that nurses quite often find themselves in similar situations and most definitely feel the same way as I do. My mentor said that she felt I had done everything that I could have done with the patient and especially how I noticed that the patient was feeling angry and frustrated because he was having difficulties communicating. I found that my lack of confidence as a student nurse left me not knowing what to do if a patient is refusing treatment, eating and drinking. When Mrs Jones came to see her husband during visiting time, she told me that her husband had told her that he felt much happier that he now understood what was going on. Mrs Jones also said that the note pad was a fantastic idea for her husband to write things down and be able to communicate. If the situation arose again with a patient who has mouth or throat cancer, I would certainly ask during handover how well can the patient communicate, to ensure a good environment is created for the healthcare team and the patient. To conclude, I believe that there is nothing else that I could have done to help Mr Jones. However, I do believe that during the handover it would have been beneficial for everyone involved in the care of Mr Jones to be made aware of his difficulties with verbal communication. Nurses certainly need to communicate effectively with patients to provide safe and effective care, taking into consideration that there is difference and diversity and looking at every individual needs. Nurses who work with different cultures have a duty to learn the differences in cultural behaviour and patterns within these groups to prevent a cultural barrier. Listening, along with smiling at appropriate times, showing a positive and genuine interest towards the patient, and have good eye contact will help to prevent barriers in communication. Another important factor is the way in which a nurse positions themselves when talking to a patient. If a patient is sitting, it may be appropriate for a nurse to come down to their level as not to seem to be standing over them, as this could be very disturbing and disrespectful to some patients. Touch and gestures can also go a long way into reassuring a patient. Just by touching a patients arm if they are upset and frightened can mean a lot to a patient. Along with this goes body language and showing respect that will hopefully continue to trust. References Baillie, L., (2009). Developing Practical Adult Nursing Skills. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. Cancerhelp,(2009).Coping with cancer [online]. Available at: http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/coping-with-cancer/coping-physically/diet/managing/weight/high-calorie-drinks (accessed 13.01.2009) Corner, J., Bailey, C., (2008).Cancer Nursing. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Limited. Daniels, R., Grendell, R., Wilkins, F., (2010). Nursing Fundamentals Caring and Clinical decision making, 2nd ed. USA: Delmar. Gibbs, G., (1988) Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning. London: FEU Guerro, D., (1998) Neuro-Oncology for Nurses. London: Whurr Publishers Hanson, E., (1994). The Cancer Nurses Perspective. Lancaster: Quay Publishing Limited Kenworthy, N., Snowley, G., and Gilling, C., (2002). Common Foundation Studies in Nursing, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Nursing and Midwifery Council, (2008) The NMC code of professional conduct: standards for conduct, performance and ethics. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Speech disorder, (2009). Cancer cause speech disorder [online] Available at: http://www.speechdisorder.co.uk/cancer-cause-speech-disorder.html (accessed 13.01.2009) Sully, P., Dallas, J., (2005). Essential Communication skills for Nursing, London: Elsevier Mosby. Sundeen, S., Stuart, G., Rankin, E., and Cohen, S., 1998. Nurse-Client Interaction Implementing the Nursing Process, 6th ed. USA: Sally Schrefer. Thurgood, G.[no date]. Verbal handover reports: what skills are needed? [online]. Available at: http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid (Accessed 02/11/2009) Wiggens, L., (2006). Communication in clinical settings. Cheltenham:Nelson Thornes Limited

Essay example --

Report on copper ‘Copper is a commodity that measures the pulse of the global economy’ (Tutor2u, 2012). The features of this metal is the reason why it is demanded so highly around the world, which is the reason why â€Å"copper is the third most widely used metal in the world† (investopedia, 2013). What makes Copper so different from other metals? Firstly, pure copper is ductile which means it can easily be stretched and shaped into different forms. Secondly, the scientific elements of copper make it highly conductive in heat and electricity than any other metal, except silver which is 100 times more expensive. Thirdly, it is 100% recyclable. Did you know 80% of copper ever mined is still in use today? Fourthly, it is highly alloyable. Lastly, it is one of three metals that has its own unique colour other than silver or grey. In the current market copper is used in a variety of ways due to its specification. 5% of copper production is used in combining with other metals to form a lloys such as brass and bronze. 15% is used in industrial machinery, because coppers superior conductivity improves the electrical energy efficiency of motor-driven systems. 20% is used in roofing and plumbing because the lifespan of copper is estimated to be 100 years before major defects in the material start to occur. Lastly, the remaining 60% of copper is used in electrical wires and the reason why such a huge proportion is used in electrical wires is because there are no close substitutes for copper. Aluminium wiring is comparably priced, but is unsafe and can start fires and silver is a slightly better conductor of electricity; however it is too expensive (visual capitalist, 2013). In this report I will cover the supply and demand of copper and how it a... ...e amounts of copper (oracle mining, 2013). Copper is an example of a good that has low price elasticity of demand, which means that a change in price would lead smaller change in demand. The reason for this is because there is a lack of close substitutes in the market. For some products that use copper components can be substituted for aluminium or plastic; however, the costs and delays involved in switching between substitute goods aren’t worth it sometimes (copper investing news). Copper is used in a variety of different ways in some uses it would be a necessity an in others it would be a luxury. For example in some plumbing cases you would be able to use flexible plastic pipes, which is cheaper to use, however if you choose not to then copper would be deemed an luxury product. On the other hand, in some plumbing cases you have no choice but to use copper pipes. Essay example -- Report on copper ‘Copper is a commodity that measures the pulse of the global economy’ (Tutor2u, 2012). The features of this metal is the reason why it is demanded so highly around the world, which is the reason why â€Å"copper is the third most widely used metal in the world† (investopedia, 2013). What makes Copper so different from other metals? Firstly, pure copper is ductile which means it can easily be stretched and shaped into different forms. Secondly, the scientific elements of copper make it highly conductive in heat and electricity than any other metal, except silver which is 100 times more expensive. Thirdly, it is 100% recyclable. Did you know 80% of copper ever mined is still in use today? Fourthly, it is highly alloyable. Lastly, it is one of three metals that has its own unique colour other than silver or grey. In the current market copper is used in a variety of ways due to its specification. 5% of copper production is used in combining with other metals to form a lloys such as brass and bronze. 15% is used in industrial machinery, because coppers superior conductivity improves the electrical energy efficiency of motor-driven systems. 20% is used in roofing and plumbing because the lifespan of copper is estimated to be 100 years before major defects in the material start to occur. Lastly, the remaining 60% of copper is used in electrical wires and the reason why such a huge proportion is used in electrical wires is because there are no close substitutes for copper. Aluminium wiring is comparably priced, but is unsafe and can start fires and silver is a slightly better conductor of electricity; however it is too expensive (visual capitalist, 2013). In this report I will cover the supply and demand of copper and how it a... ...e amounts of copper (oracle mining, 2013). Copper is an example of a good that has low price elasticity of demand, which means that a change in price would lead smaller change in demand. The reason for this is because there is a lack of close substitutes in the market. For some products that use copper components can be substituted for aluminium or plastic; however, the costs and delays involved in switching between substitute goods aren’t worth it sometimes (copper investing news). Copper is used in a variety of different ways in some uses it would be a necessity an in others it would be a luxury. For example in some plumbing cases you would be able to use flexible plastic pipes, which is cheaper to use, however if you choose not to then copper would be deemed an luxury product. On the other hand, in some plumbing cases you have no choice but to use copper pipes.

Entrepreneurship

History of entrepreneurship[edit] Etymology and historical usage[edit] First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative and innovation in manufacturing, delivery, and/or services. Economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. [5] The successful companies of the future, he has said, will be those that offer a new model for working relationships based on collaboration and mutual value. 6] The entrepreneur is a factor n microeconomics, and the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek.The term â€Å"entrepreneurship† was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur itself dates to the 1850s. It became something of a buzzword eginning about 2010, in the context of disputes which have erupted surrounding the wake of the Great Recession. [clarification needed] What is an entrepreneur[edit] Entrepreneur (i/pntraprSn3r/), is a loanword from French. It is defined as an individual who organizes or operates a business or businesses.Credit for coining the term entrepreneur generally goes to the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say, but in fact the Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon defined it first[7] in his Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en G ©n ©ral, or Essay on the Nature of Trade in General, a ook William Stanley Jevons considered the â€Å"cradle of political economy†[8] Say and Cantillon used the term differently, however.Cantillon biographer Anthony Breer notes that Cantillon saw the entrepreneur as a risk-taker while Say considered the entrepreneur a â€Å"planner†. [9] Cantillon defined the term as a person who pays a certain price for a product and resells it at an uncertain price: â€Å"making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise. † The word first appeared in the French dictionary entitled â€Å"Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce† compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723.

The Philosophy of Supply Chain Management in the New Economy

THE PHILOSOPHY OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE NEW ECONOMY: NET READINESS IN THE NET SUPPLY CHAIN The use of Internet in business can bring change in business sector that can lead the traditional enterprise to collapse. Globalization processes, massive implementation of Information Technology and the establishment of virtual enterprises are the basic elements in the era of the Digital Revolution. Net readiness is the ability of the enterprise to adapt to the new technologies.With the vast development of internet technology, there is a tremendous development in the supply chain management and traditional SCM has been transformed into e-SCM. So the new economic system is largely based on the information technology. Based on a huge implementation of Information Technology foundations for the New Economy are laid. D. Tapscott gave 12 principles of the New Economy. A continuous process of adaptation is required to these processes to meet evolving consumers’ needs.New principles o f operation are applied by new economy enterprises. Within the Time Based Management an ever-increasing effectiveness is guaranteed in the implementation of the Internet. Physical, informational and financial flows are present on the logistics pipeline. Virtual organizations are treated as production systems used to create products and satisfy customers’ needs. These virtual organizations utilize a concrete supply that is input and output to satisfy the needs and ensure expected profit.Users, telecommunications businesses and suppliers are the three groups of enterprises that utilize Internet infrastructure. They offer a wide variety of services to both traditional and virtual enterprises, which is based on the ‘5C’. Based on the flow of goods and services the created virtual chain is connected with traditional supply chain. The synergy effect of traditional business solutions and Internet technology applications are the two specific characteristics of the supply chain functioning.The utilizations of the resources and advantages of e-SCM can be directly related to the term called â€Å"Net Readiness† (NR) described by the employees of Cisco which means that the ability of the existing enterprise to adapt to new technologies and conduct their activities using the web. NR evaluation chart is the main NR research tool, which describes the level of involvement of an enterprise in e-business solutions. In relation to the best representative in its group it enables the position of the enterprise to be determined.Enterprises are divided into five groups: Internet visionary, Internet expert, Internet savvy, Internet aware, Internet agnostic. Modern supply chains have many advantages, but they have threats resulting from characteristics of e-economy. Due to a world-wide economic stratification and a clear division into digital civilization and outsiders limits in new opportunities can be noticed. Due to the e-businesses in the new economy, th e society is evolving into information society and a lot of innovative techniques which saves time are being implemented which adds value to the production and customer service.

Improving Patient Experience Outline Essays

Improving Patient Experience Outline Essays Improving Patient Experience Outline Essay Improving Patient Experience Outline Essay Introduction: One of the most crucial responsibilities of the CEO in a hospital is to ensure that each patient is receiving the best medical care that the hospital can provide. In order to do that, hospitals need to incorporate business initiatives into their setting so they can gain loyal customers. Thesis, or main claim: Using the Net Promoter System or NPS in a hospital setting can drastically improve the overall patient experience because of the useful strategies inculcated into the process. NET PROMOTER SYSTEM: What is it? A system used to track loyalty of customers through calculating an NPS score based on how patients may rate doctors, and their opinion about their health care provider. It further includes the process of initiating action plans to produce more promoters and fewer detractors. Why is it being used? This method is helpful to invite more loyal patients and establish accountability of physicians in a hospital. It will ask patients the exact question that will help health care providers improve their service, according to their patients needs. That, in turn will produce not only more profits, but also good reputation. How will it be used? It will be incorporated into a hospital by first accumulating feedback forms from patients asking them to rate the doctor on a scale of 1-10 and explain the primary reason of the score. Answers to those simple questions will help health care personnel in a hospital to assess the common drawbacks of their service, so they can improve upon them and please more patients. Satisfied patients will refer the doctors in the hospital to other people and will become promoters. The hospital will benefit if it has more than 65% of a promoter score. UPX (Ultimate Patient Experience) Score, formulated by the Vital Checklist is a new approach that addresses the feedback questions properly because it locates exactly what the hospital needs to improve upon. Hospitals should aim to have more than a 65% of UPX Score in order to assure that they have provided patients with the â€Å"ultimate experience† SWOT ANALYSIS OF HOSPITAL: Strengths: ? Doctors with unique skill, or specialty, give themselves a competitive edge in  the work environment ?Doctors that have excellent communication skills with their patients ?Doctors that can empathically connect with their patients ?Doctors that are diligent and have ingenuity to finding a new solution of treatment for their patients Weaknesses: ?Poor communication to patients ?Lacking improvisation skills, not resourceful ?Leaving patient unattended in ER ?Poor discharge instructions Opportunities: ? To get new, advanced medical equipment ?Funding for clinical trials or research project that could ultimately benefit  patients ?Expanding their units Threats: ?Malpractice, leading to bad reputation ?Detractor patients, bad-mouthing the hospital to others, leading to fewer patients ?Higher Readmission rate, (If patient comes back twice for same problem, that’s a threat to a hospital because it won’t get paid for the services provided) PLAN OF ACTION To address strengths of health care staff and drive them towards gaining more loyal patients To assess the weaknesses of hospital staff, including nurses and doctors and  improve upon them. To invite in more opportunities for expanding the services of the hospital To consider the potential threats and avoid them Most Important: To use the Golden Rule (treating others the way you want to be treated) Conclusion: By implementing both business initiatives into a hospital, patients coming in will be more satisfied with their care and the hospital will be better known or reputed. y Utilizing the Electronic Health Record Improving patient care is a process that always.

The Rise of the Networks essays

The Rise of the Networks essays Information economy or the other words, knowledge economy is vey hot in the last two years in China though a lot of people still have no clear idear about this conception. American economic structure's change gives us a good example. In my personal opinion that the most part in the world still keep in the production economy, however they also make a change to adapt new information economy. When we talk about the information economy, we couldn't pass the information technology revolution. It is the material basis for the information economy. Through the advance technology,the capital ,the information, the market and the lad can be connected making a global one. Also we shall realize that old society's attemp to retool itself by using the power of technology to derve the technology of power. The main charcterof the information economy is that the productivity is based on the capacity to generate,process, and apply efficiently knowledge-based information. The information itself to become the product of the production process. First the pure manufacturing is slowing dwn in the whole economy. It will not be vanished, but is increasing throughpartly hidden avenues, in expanding circles. Technology,and management of technology involving organizational change, could be diffusing from information technologymanufacturing ,telecommunications,and finanical services into manufacturing ,then to business service. Obviousely, the services industry in U.S or other G-7 cuntries, such as telecommunications, air transportantion, increase very fast The dynamics of the economy growth is not the engery but the information and knowledge based technology. In this process, the state act as an important role. Since the mid-1980s states all over the world have also engaged in deregulating markets and privatizing public companies. At the same time, states make technological and educational policies in order to improving the power of country's competiti...

A View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free (#27)

A View from the Bridge Essay ? Eddie Carbone, the protagonist of the play, is in many ways a tragic hero and like all tragic heroes has a fatal flaw. Eddie’s harmatia is his incestuous feelings for Catherine. Arthur Miller has used the character of Eddie as an everyman perhaps to show that any person can make mistakes with ones feelings. Through the character of Eddie we witness the downfall of a decent man who loses control of his actions.  In the early stages of the play, we see Eddie over protective of Catherine but possibly in a paternal way when he says ‘I don’t like the looks they’re giving you†¦heads are turning like windmills’ although it is quite normal for a father to protect his daughter Eddie’s problem is really with how the men are looking at Catherine rather than her well beings. The reader is also made aware that Eddie has made a lot of sacrifices for Catherine ‘I took out my own mouth to give it to her’ clearly when it comes to his family Eddie puts other people before himself this is also evident as he allows Marco and Rodolfo, people he has never met before, to stay illegally at his home. Later in the play there are clues about his true feelings for example when Catherine lights Eddie’s cigar she does it eagerly saying ‘here! I’ll light it for you’ the cigar is a phallic image and hints Eddie’s subconscious desire for Catherine as it gives him unusual pleasure. Eddie is unaware of his attraction to Catherine so his feelings are manifested in hatred towards Marco and Rodolfo. Eddie’s dislike for Rodolfo is displayed almost immediately after they arrive as ‘he is coming more and more addressed to Marco only’ this suggests that Eddie has no intentions of getting to know Rodolfo as he feels threatened by him. Miller builds up the aggressive nature of Eddie’s behaviour and also how quickly he establishes how volatile he can be. In the middle of Rodolfo’s song the playwright shows us how unsettled Eddie is when the stage directions indicate that ‘Eddie rises and moves upstage’. When he interrupts Rodolfo he is very sharp. At no point does he use his name but instead calls him ‘kid’. Superficially it seems he is preventing him from singing for his own safety but already the reader is aware that there is something more bubbling under the surface, especially when Miller tells us that Eddie’s face is ‘puffed with trouble’. The shocking actions of Eddie when he kisses both Catherine and Rodolfo shows further evidence of their love for one another as Catherine screams ‘Eddie! Let go, ya hear me! I’ll kill you! Leggo of him’ here we can see that the love between Catherine and Rodolfo is much stronger than that of Eddie and Beatrice, and how it is taking over from Catherine’s affection for Eddie. At the beginning of ‘A View from the Bridge’ Eddie and Beatrice are presented as having a loving and close relationship. It is when in Act 4 Eddie is waiting for outside his apartment for Catherine and Rodolfo to arrive home that Beatrice is blunt with him and says ‘when am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie’ it shows us she doesn’t feel like his wife because he is distracted by Catherine, it also suggests they don’t sleep together as husband and wife. Beatrice is a good woman and a good wife. She tries to warn Eddie against his feelings for Catherine but it shows us that he can’t do anything about them so therefore is basically doomed. At the end, there is reconciliation between Eddie and B when they come together and share their love with Eddie’s dying words ‘Then why – Oh, B!’ this is Eddies eventual realisation of his love for B. Eddie’s betrayal not only comes a shock to the audience but is incredibly ironic as in his previous dialogue Eddie retold the story of Vinny Bolzano and said to Catherine ‘ you think I’m blowing steam here’ this shows that Eddie thinks its unimaginable for someone to betray their own family. He gives his opinion and says ‘Him? You’ll never see him no more a guy do a thing like that? How’s he gonna show his face? Here Eddie is disgusted even by the consideration of telling on a fellow Italian. It also shows that he feels strongly about the ‘Italian law’ which makes it more surprising when he goes against it as it suggests that his incestuous feelings for Catherine turned him into a complete different person. Miller presents Eddie as a respectable image in the community, a husband and a guardian. Eddie feeling as a jealous lover leads him into conflict with his community. He placed his desires above family responsibilities. His respect and honour meant everything for him , but he was blinded by his love for Catherine, so everything else was forgotten. Eddie dies for, not that of the community values but for his own pride. A View from the Bridge. (2017, Oct 23).

Stem cell research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Stem cell research - Essay Example First and foremost argument made by the scientific community is that human stem cell research is said to promise new life changing treatments and possible cures for many debilitating diseases and injuries, including Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, heart disease, multiple sclerosis, burns and spinal cord injuries (Young, 2-16)1. Human stem cells can be obtained from a number of sources. The first is IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) treatment, where surplus embryos (and unfertilized eggs for creating embryos) are donated for research with the consent of the donor rather than being destroyed following treatment. The second source is aborted tissue where stem cells are taken from the aborted foetus. Another is umbilical cord blood, rich in stem cells. These cells are harvested following the baby’s birth. The most controversial is perhaps therapeutic cloning, where cells are created for research that is genetically identical to the donor (patient). This is done by removing the nucleus of an egg and fusing this egg with any enucleated cell from the donor. This will create an embryo genetically identical to the donor. Cells can then be harvested from this embryo for treatment. Being an exact replica, there is potentially less chance of rejection following transplantation. Umbilical cord blood, the placenta and even the amniotic fluid have in fact been found to be rich in stem-cells (McGuckin, et al 245-255)2. Stem-cells have also been found in almost every body tissue such as the brain, pancreas, liver, skin, fat, muscle, blood, bone marrow, lungs, nose and tooth pulp (Fisher, 2005)3. The US President’s Council on Bioethics recently published a whole white paper on Alternate Sources of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.4 Sometimes these cells could be taken from the recipient patients themselves, avoiding any immune-rejection difficulties. At other times they are

Forum 1 - Chapters 1 & 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum 1 - Chapters 1 & 2 - Assignment Example Economic dependency on maritime transportation refers to how a given country relies on maritime transportation as the countries’ main source of economic empowerment. The US has a 14% adjacency of its counties to the coastline and ends up generating a staggering 45% of the nations’ gross domestic product (GDP) and an average of 3 million jobs. A point that goes to prove how dependent we can be on maritime transportation for economic development (GAO-12-1009T, 2012). The maritime transportation security act was enacted by congress and signed into law by the then American president on November 25th, 2002 (S.3639, 2010). This law requires port facilities and vessels to carry out threat vulnerability assessments and come up with well developed and thought through security plans that is inclusive of passengers, vehicles and baggage screening parameters as well as establishing restricted areas, identification procedures and advanced surveillance systems (PUBLIC LAW, 2002). This compliance of this security act has resulted in the creation of a secure environment in the ports. The department of homeland security (DHS) is the lead agency responsible for the implementation of maritime transportation security act with the help of subsidiary bodies like the U.S, coast guard. The security act can be attributed to a number of challenges that include acquiring security port facility and vessels, a more interconnected port system with regard to new technologies and a much heightened international supply chain security. The maritime security act has also undergone challenges in program implementation and management, poor partnerships and collaboration, terrorism and funding (CRS Report for Congress, 2007). CRS Report for Congress. (2007, May 14). Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks and Protection Priorities. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from CRS Report for Congress:

International marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International marketing - Assignment Example 4. Assessing current and future trends that will affect the organization and some of those changes that would have an effect on the organization. Macro environmental analysis can also be termed as remote or general environment analysis. This is because of how it affects around all organizations, and how strategic managers have no influence or have little influence over the environment (Stead, Garner, and Starik, 2004, p.56). Macro environmental managers’ main focus should be the need to evaluate variables that will play a major role as the market drivers for the future of the organization (Lowe and Doole, 2005, p.54). This means that managers need to focus on the factors that will have the greatest influence on the market for many years to come. When these factors have been spotted, it is very vital to make sure one assess their impacts on the market process, after that the company needs to evaluate the different drivers, if they are favourable or unfavourable to their chosen market or product. The global macro environmental analysis has a great influence on the development of individual national condition, but this means that each country has its own unique set of macro environmental conditions that are related to the country’s history and development (Stonehouse and Campbell, 2004, p.144). The main purpose of macro environment analysis in the global market is to identify similarities and differences between countries. The company chosen was Toyota Motors Corporation, a motor car corporation in Japan, and the country of choice is Japan. Toyota Motors Corporation is based in Japan (New York Times, 2012). Rivalry and conflict that arises from the departmental intra-firm environment is a problem, but can be controlled within the management...Therefore, Toyota decided to withdraw its support for the formula one racing competition, and in turn focus its attention on its vehicle manufacturing (UKessays.co.uk, 2003). With the global economic recovery, T oyota has continued to increase its output in the global market; with many countries experiencing growth in their economies, this provided Toyota with a chance to develop new products in new markets. For example, Toyota aims to occupy more than 10% of the Indian car market by the end of 2015. Social factors These are factors related to the society. Business can’t grow without the society, reasons being that the society is part of it. Social factors include demography, population growth, and company image (UKessays.co.uk, 2003). Any change in the social factors greatly affects the demand and supply in an organization. Socio-cultural factors have had an effect on Toyota in one way or the other. Toyota have led in product quality had they have achieved a good image in many societies, through social activities in different locations worldwide. For example, the Toyota project in Kirloskar Group for the drinking water for the Karnataka peoples (a state in South India). These social activities and projects have solved the social problems for the locals. Consequently, Toyota has earned respect and cooperation from the local people, and created a good image for them (powerfulwords, 2003).

How closely management and leadership are connected for maintaining Essay

How closely management and leadership are connected for maintaining the normal flow of an organization - Essay Example The concepts management and leadership differ greatly in terms of organising people, but the two are closely linked as they both maintain the normal flow of the organization. They entail setting what needs to be acted upon, mobilize individuals to achieve a certain goal, and lastly ensure that individuals perform their duties. Leadership is often about setting a direction for individuals to follow, but on a complementary perspective management directs these individuals based on established principles or values. As stated by Lopez (2014) leadership involves realizing potential in oneself and others. Above all, managing has planning and budgeting, this means that managers create appropriate plans that will contribute to the success of the organization, and leaders ensure that they direct their followers to the right direction that will enable them to work towards achieving the goals of the organization. In addition, while managing deals with organizing and staffing to help in achieving organizational goals, this is as clarified by Ratcliffe (2013) â€Å"†¦ management is a set of processes that keep an organization functioning†. On the same note, leading is all about aligning individuals in a more effective manner in order to achieve the goals of the organization, this indicate how these two concepts aims at maintaining the normal flow of the organization. Furthermore, management and leadership are linked in ensuring that organizational activities flow normally is based on the nature of their functions. For instance, a leader creates the organizational vision and it is the manager’s duty to accomplish it (Gillikin, no date). Management is about establishing specific functions and assigning them to specific individuals. Moreover, it involves leading and regulating individuals and assisting them to move toward a common purpose in coordination. As clarified by Maccoby (2000 pp.57-59) â€Å"The functions of management include

We live in a patriarchal society discuss how gender links to Essay

We live in a patriarchal society discuss how gender links to inequality in society using examples from the past and present and in England and Arab spring - Essay Example Not only have there been both overt and covert means to ensure that the status quo is maintained, but even in the modern era, it has become common for openly discriminatory actions against women to be promoted at almost every level of society. The world today has seen numerous changes and women have come to experience opportunities that were not open to them for many centuries. It is therefore important that a comprehensive discussion of how gender links to inequality in society be conducted. In Elizabethan England, it was a common belief among individuals in society that women were inferior in all aspects to men. This belief ensured that women were put in a subordinate status where they did not have the same opportunities as those that were given to men (Ellis, 1839). Even Queen Elizabeth I herself seemed to promote this bias and she did this through accepting that she was indeed as physically weak as any woman, but despite this, she was also a woman who had the heart and stomach of a king. It seems that she compared herself thus because she wanted to attribute some of the male features that were believed to be superior to herself. Moreover, even the most prominent writers of the time such as Shakespeare and John Knox, the protestant leader, all believed that women were inferior. The latter especially promoted this belief by stating that women were created in perfection in order to serve and obey man, a statement that shows the predominance of patriarchy in society (Fle tcher, 1994). This attitude towards women continued to be propagated in later centuries and some of its aspects have remained prevalent to this day. The patriarchal nature of English society has led to a situation where women have continued to be discriminated against despite the development of ideals such as gender equality. The sometimes-unconscious discrimination against women in society has led to the continuation of

International marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International marketing - Assignment Example 4. Assessing current and future trends that will affect the organization and some of those changes that would have an effect on the organization. Macro environmental analysis can also be termed as remote or general environment analysis. This is because of how it affects around all organizations, and how strategic managers have no influence or have little influence over the environment (Stead, Garner, and Starik, 2004, p.56). Macro environmental managers’ main focus should be the need to evaluate variables that will play a major role as the market drivers for the future of the organization (Lowe and Doole, 2005, p.54). This means that managers need to focus on the factors that will have the greatest influence on the market for many years to come. When these factors have been spotted, it is very vital to make sure one assess their impacts on the market process, after that the company needs to evaluate the different drivers, if they are favourable or unfavourable to their chosen market or product. The global macro environmental analysis has a great influence on the development of individual national condition, but this means that each country has its own unique set of macro environmental conditions that are related to the country’s history and development (Stonehouse and Campbell, 2004, p.144). The main purpose of macro environment analysis in the global market is to identify similarities and differences between countries. The company chosen was Toyota Motors Corporation, a motor car corporation in Japan, and the country of choice is Japan. Toyota Motors Corporation is based in Japan (New York Times, 2012). Rivalry and conflict that arises from the departmental intra-firm environment is a problem, but can be controlled within the management...Therefore, Toyota decided to withdraw its support for the formula one racing competition, and in turn focus its attention on its vehicle manufacturing (UKessays.co.uk, 2003). With the global economic recovery, T oyota has continued to increase its output in the global market; with many countries experiencing growth in their economies, this provided Toyota with a chance to develop new products in new markets. For example, Toyota aims to occupy more than 10% of the Indian car market by the end of 2015. Social factors These are factors related to the society. Business can’t grow without the society, reasons being that the society is part of it. Social factors include demography, population growth, and company image (UKessays.co.uk, 2003). Any change in the social factors greatly affects the demand and supply in an organization. Socio-cultural factors have had an effect on Toyota in one way or the other. Toyota have led in product quality had they have achieved a good image in many societies, through social activities in different locations worldwide. For example, the Toyota project in Kirloskar Group for the drinking water for the Karnataka peoples (a state in South India). These social activities and projects have solved the social problems for the locals. Consequently, Toyota has earned respect and cooperation from the local people, and created a good image for them (powerfulwords, 2003).

We live in a patriarchal society discuss how gender links to Essay

We live in a patriarchal society discuss how gender links to inequality in society using examples from the past and present and in England and Arab spring - Essay Example Not only have there been both overt and covert means to ensure that the status quo is maintained, but even in the modern era, it has become common for openly discriminatory actions against women to be promoted at almost every level of society. The world today has seen numerous changes and women have come to experience opportunities that were not open to them for many centuries. It is therefore important that a comprehensive discussion of how gender links to inequality in society be conducted. In Elizabethan England, it was a common belief among individuals in society that women were inferior in all aspects to men. This belief ensured that women were put in a subordinate status where they did not have the same opportunities as those that were given to men (Ellis, 1839). Even Queen Elizabeth I herself seemed to promote this bias and she did this through accepting that she was indeed as physically weak as any woman, but despite this, she was also a woman who had the heart and stomach of a king. It seems that she compared herself thus because she wanted to attribute some of the male features that were believed to be superior to herself. Moreover, even the most prominent writers of the time such as Shakespeare and John Knox, the protestant leader, all believed that women were inferior. The latter especially promoted this belief by stating that women were created in perfection in order to serve and obey man, a statement that shows the predominance of patriarchy in society (Fle tcher, 1994). This attitude towards women continued to be propagated in later centuries and some of its aspects have remained prevalent to this day. The patriarchal nature of English society has led to a situation where women have continued to be discriminated against despite the development of ideals such as gender equality. The sometimes-unconscious discrimination against women in society has led to the continuation of

Individual assignment Essay Example for Free

Individual assignment Essay Comment on the merit of the paper which is arguing for a separate HRM model for Oman? It is essential to have a unique HRM model specialized for Oman due to few important reasons. The first reason is the cultural influence and there is relationship between the HRM and the social principles, values, ethics and rules. Second, the cultural aspects must be respected when considering about HR philosophy. Nonetheless, the economic conditions are greatly important as there is a strong link between the economic conditions and the HR policy. At the end, I can briefly say that there must be a special and unique HRM model for Oman due to the special conditions that made this country a different case. 2. Do you think (based on the argument raised in the paper) a distinct HRM Model for the Saudi Arabia can be advocated? If yes, how and why? What should be its constituents and why? How it will be different from the Western Model? I believe it is perfect idea to have a distinct HRM model for Saudi Arabia. I presume this can achieve a lot for the good of the Saudi market. The suggested HRM for Saudi must put some items into consideration such as the culture, institutions, and industry sector. When we consider the culture, the HRM model must be suitable for the common values, norms of behavior, customs, influence of pressure groups ,assumptions that shape managers’ perceptions, insights and mindsets, management style, meaning of work and values, personal dispositions, attitudes and manners, approaches to cultural diversity, match to the organization culture. Regarding institutions, the HRM model must cope with following institutions; National labor laws, trade unions, politics, educational and vocational training set-up, labor market, professional bodies, international institutions, industry by itself, employers’ federation, consulting organizations, placement organizations, trade bodies, government institutions, local authorities, voluntary bodies. In addition to considering the institutions, the HRM model must coordinate with the following industrial sectors; Common strategies, business logic and goals, regulations and standards,sector-specific knowledge, informal and formal benchmarking, cross-sector co-operation, common developments in business operations, labor or skill requirements, merger activity, workforce mobility, capital mobility. At the end, The HRM for the Saudi market should be different from the Western market in variety of ways since it must cope with the Saudi culture, and economic and political conditions. 3. Mellahi and Budhwar (2006) and many others are of the view that there is no such thing as a Middle Eastern HRM model and the current forces shaping HRM in this region will lead to more divergence than convergence between and within these countries (GCC and Middle East) in the foreseeable future, Comment. The Middle East region is a conservative cultural and religious area that grew at only half the rate of other developing countries during the 1990s. A number of factors such as structural imbalances, the so-called curse of natural-culture and religious conflicts, are highlighted for the slow economic development in the Middle East. Similarly, Abed (2003) identifies five main causes holding back the economic growth of the Middle East i.e. lagging political reforms, dominant public sector; underdeveloped financial markets; high trade restrictiveness and inappropriate exchange regimes. apart from these , some of the others factors include the lack of integration into the global economy; growing unemployment rates; closed economies, over-dominance on the oil sector; lack of privatization and the weakness of local entrepreneurial cultures. So far, most countries in the Middle Eastern region seem concentration on the development of their human resources (HR). The oil-producing countries in the GCC region want to reduce their dependence on the oil sector and develop other sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture or services, and all of these need skilled HR. And on the other hand, the non-oil-producing countries of the region already rely on efficient human resources. In conclusion, there is need for more research for understanding the dynamics of a distinct Omani HRM model and the learning gained will surely contribute to enrich the people management function and its role in achieving organizational performance and excellence in Oman.

The Philosophy Of God And Religion Theology Religion Essay

The Philosophy Of God And Religion Theology Religion Essay Beings and Human Beings are born in nature. Religion and caste are the creations of men. The need of the millennium is human integration across religions, races and countries by the pursuit of right knowledge about Man, Nature and Society. Religion is the derivative of ancient myths and beliefs passed on from one generation to the other(another) thereby being elucidated into faiths, rituals and traditions. Around 2000-2200 million people believe in Christianity, making it by far the single largest religion in the world. Around 1300-1650 million people believe in Islam, making it the second most followed religion in the world. Around 828-1000 million people follow Hinduism. Around 1000 million people do not have any religion or notion of God, also referred to as atheists. 400 million people follow Buddhism. Irrespective of what these people follow or what notion they hold of God. Religion is something, which was created for the betterment of human society as a whole. But In the 21st century religion has more or less become an instrument of war creating unrest amongst countries and people. Many of the major problems in the present millennia can be attributed to these religious conflicts. These conflicts between major world religions can become a detrimental recipe for disaster wherein they can threaten the very existence of the dominant species on this planet i.e. Homo sapiens sapiens . The reason why I lay emphasis on the genus and sub-genus is that, across the population people may differ on the basis of colour, caste, race, height, weight, gender and religion but what unites them is the sense of belonging to one species i.e. Homo sapiens. My father, a philosopher cum visionary would always say that: Beings and Human Beings are born out of the same bowl called nature. Religion and caste are the creations of man. The need of the millennium is to bridge this void and bring about human integration across religions, races and countries by the pursuit of true knowledge about Man, Nature and Society. Conflict Resolution- Conflict Resolution is the need of the hour and should therefore be given extensive thought and time, following which it should be implemented at a Micro as well as a Macro Level. Envisioning and bringing forth a society whereby individuals and communities work and make decisions for the greater good of mankind on the basis of facts rather than on myths and beliefs. Conflict Resolution amongst world religions in its literary sense cannot be achieved, nonetheless a difference in perception exists about the notion of God/Gods amongst the believers. Human beings should rise against these odds towards greater enlightenment forging ahead a new era of peace and progress. On the flip side, one should also be aware of the origin and fate of the vast expanse known as the universe comprising of millions of galaxies, stars, planets and what is the energy which is keeping all of this intact and that too in a predetermined and fixed path. One should also be aware of the conscious and subconscious state of mind through which we possess this knowledge about each and everything. If the above mentioned points were made clear, all the mere believers in this world will become true rationalists. If one Global Religion were to be followed, it would be on the basis of scientific thinking rather than on blind beliefs. All actions and texts of this religion would be based upon the scientific knowledge and literature available at the time. The theory would be self-evolving in nature to the advancements in science and technology. People should come to an understanding that all Human Beings are created as equals. Nature does not discriminate while nurturing. So as human beings we cannot be discriminative towards the way we look, approach and act towards others belonging to different castes, religions, races, colours etc. I strongly believe Knowledge is a driving force. Knowledge possessed by a certain individual is detrimental towards the way he/she acts in a certain manner. Therefore it becomes imperative to inculcate the right knowledge and values. Being ignorant of the world around is far better than being misinformed. Terrorism is also the outgrowth of this misinformation and the misconceptions about God and his preaching. This is where we need to play a role whereby we expel all the misinformation and bring about a sense of belonging. Human Beings are said to be the building blocks of societies. The kind of knowledge an individual possesses has a direct impact on the way he/she acts or behaves. The way one behaves thereby has an impact on the society as a whole. Knowledge and Behaviour play in tandem and therefore it becomes imperative to give the right Knowledge and eliminate wrong Knowledge. To do this, there are certain prerequisites, Firstly, one should know how to judge between the right knowledge and the wrong knowledge. To do this one should be aware of philosophy and its constituents especially the branch of philosophy which deals with epistemology, logic and origin of the Universe and its existence. But in this world, which has so far existed, every great society has had its fair share of myths ranging from the creation of the world to how it will eventually end. Tales of wonder and imagination abound wherein each myth is filled with magic, mystery, heroism, treachery, courage and faith. These myths are so widely accepted that they have even managed to permeate in the 21st century. Hence it is our responsibility to differentiate between a myth and a tenet. Somehow or the other the terms like god and religion are attributed to philosophy philosophy; Hence we will now discuss regarding the philosophy and what is the origin and fate of the god and religion. Different questions in philosophy which made a strong emphasis for the existence of God and religion:- We each exist but for a very short time. The actions that we do during the tenure of our life and the fruits which we bear from them is considered as life. My father used to tell me , Life is real, simple and short. Humans, being a curious species explore and question everything, we develop theories, we seek answers , we think, we justify things, we have the ability to communicate all these things which in turn makes us the most dominant species on planet earth. After coming through different perceptions of the universe from the earlier times to today, we might have a multitude of questions -: How can we understand the world in which we find ourselves? How does universe behave? What is the nature of reality? Where did all this come from? Did the universe need a creator? What are the different ways of obtaining knowledge ? How many types of matter exist in the universe? What is philosophy? What are the qualities of the different things in the universe? What is reality? What is the ultimate goal of human beings? What are beliefs? What are atoms? How do we know things? What is is a cause? How to explain the properties of a thing? What is space and time? What is justice? What is the truth? What is goodness? How language came in to existense and what is language? What are the reasons behind different things? What is beauty and art? What is perception,inference,verbal testimony? What is mind? What is the origin of religion? Who invented the first god? And countless othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Traditionally these are the prime questions of Philosophy . Many indian and western schools of philosophy which gave appropriate answers to many of the above questions and near appropriate answers to some of the questions since ancient times , due to lack of availability of means and scope, like instruments and science and technology., but these days however, these questions are answered by the other schools like different branches of Physical sciences and chemical sciences. But during the earlier times these questions were answered by various religions in many different ways. Opinions of Some major Philospohers and Scientists Western Schools of Philsopohy:- When it comes to religion, there are six major figures who have done extensive research on Religions and gods, Namely 1.Friedrich max Muller(1823-1900 He is often called the father of the comparitive religion, Friedrich Max Muller was the son of a German Romantic poet. He studied in Leipzing and in Paris, where he began his first major work, a monumental edition of the Sanskrit text of the Rig Veda, published in four volumes between 1849 and 1862. He settled in England in 1846 and spent most of the remainder of his life in Oxford, becoming Professor of Comparative Philology in 1868. A prolific writer, his later books included Comparative Mythology (1856), Introduction to the Science of Religion (1873) India, What can it teach us? (1883), and many other works, including three series of Gifford Lectures and two volumes of personal reminiscences. He was alo responsible for editing the fifty-volume series of Sacred Books of the East-still an invaluable source for the study of religion. Max Muller brought the religions of the world for the first time to the notice of the English-speaking public, interpreted to the West the ancient and modern religions of India, in a vital, if sometimes idiosyncratic, way. His theories that religion arose through the personification of natural phenomena have, on the other hand, been wholly superseded. 2.Edward Burnett Taylor (1832-1917) In its early years , the study of comparative religion was much concerned with the origin and evolution of religion as a universal human phenomenon. E.B. Tylor, who in 1896 became Britains first professor of anthropology, in the 1860 s coined the term animism to describe what he believed to be the earliest stage in this evolutionary process, a simple belief in spiritual beings. Tylor studied in Mexico; this visit resulted in his first book, Anahuac (1861). He subsequently published Researches into the Early History of Mankind (1865), and his most important work, Primitive Culture (1871), in which the animism theory is cleary stated. Briefly, it is that early mans experiences of dream and trance that led him first to a belief in a separate soul (anima) in himself, and later to postulate the existence of surviving souls (ghosts), and of many such souls in animals, plants, the atmosphere, etc. Out of this belief in souls or spirits, there eventually developed belief in gods. As an evolutionary theory, this is of very little value, but it does represent accurately the way in which primal (and other) peoples (people) look on the unseen world. Tylors example, provided for the first time a way of understanding religion at a basic level, served to point anthropology along a path which it still to some extent follows. WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) William James, the brother of the celebrated American novelist Henry James, was chiefly responsible, in the years around the turn of the century, for popularizing the new subject of the psychology of religion. His book The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) is a classic, and widely read even today. Trained in medicine, he taught both physiology and psychology at Harvard as early as the 1870s, and in1890 published a celebrated textbook, The Principles of Psychology. Most of his others books , including The Will to Believe (1896), Pragmatism (1907) and Human Immortality (1908), were originally courses of lectures. In his Varieties he drew many valuable distinctions between types of religious experience, the best known being that between the optimistic religion of healthy mindedness (typified by Christian Science) and the pessimistic religion of the sick soul (traditional Calvinism). He also had much to say on mysticism, and discussed altered states of consciousness many years before the subject became fashionable. He came from a Swedenborgina background, and his own religon was an indistinct theism, far removed from orhtodox Christiantity. Although he is still worth reading;his approach was too individualistic, and he had little to say about the corporate aspects of religon. His methods, too, were seriously called in question by the depth psychologists (Freud, Jung and their followers), and are hardly applicable today. WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH (1846-1894) Robertson Smith , best known for his magisterial book Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. In 1870 he became Professor of Old Testament Studies at the Free Church Colloge in Aberdeen. In the early 1880 he was dismissed from his chair for unscriptural teaching,and in 1883 was elected Professor of Arabic at Cambridge. A liberal evangelical, he was responsible for bringing together traditional philological study of the Bible and the new insights of anthropology. He first visited North Africa in 1879, and was impressed by the existence of totemism among the Sinai Bedouin: this resulted in his first major work, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia(1885). In his later Lectures, he concentrated on the concept of sacririce, which he saw less as a legal transaction than as a practical means of establishing communion with deity. He also recognized that in religion, customs and rituals are often more significant than systems of belief, and that it is vitally important that the student be an accurate and sympathetic observer of the practical side of religon. His influence was widespreadd: he inspired J.G. Frazer to study totemism, and was a forerunner of the sociological study of religion- for which reason he, almost alone among his contemporaries, is still respected among sociologists and anthropologists. Despite his brush with ecclesiastical authority, he remained warmly evangelical in his personal beliefs. NATHAN SODERBLOM (1866-1931) The link between comparative religion and Christian theology was firmly established in the early part of the twentieth century by a group of scholars of whom Nathan Soderblom was perthaps the most outstanding. Born the son of a Lutheran country minister in Sweden, from 1894 to 1901 he was Swedish legation pastor in Parus; in 1901 he bacame Professor of Comparative Religion in Uppsala in 1914, a post he occupied until his death in 1931. His scholarly work spanned many fields, among them are Iranian studies, Luther studies, mysticism, and General comparative religion. Though few of his many books were translated into English, his Gifford Lectures The Living God (published posthumously in 1931) were widely read in those days. He endeavored to locate historica Protestantism within Christiantiy, and Christianity within the religions of the world. He drew valuable distinctions between mystical and revealed forms of religon, and later between two forms of mysticism, mysticism of personality (Paul, Luther) and mysticism of the infinite (indian religon). As well as this academic work, Soderblom made an invaluable contribution to twentieth-century Christianity as one of the fathers of the ecumenical movement. RUDOLF OTTO (1869-1937) Educated at Ealanged and Gottingen, most of Ottos career was spent in teaching posts at Gottingen, Breslau and Marburg. After early work in Luther studies, he turned his attention to the philosophy of religion, and after 1911 to the philosophy of religion, and after 1911 to the study of Indian religions.His best known and most important work, The Idea of the Holy, first appeared in German in 1917, and in English in 1923. In it, he attempted to show that religion begins with the sense of the numinous, that is, of a mysteriously other deity both fearsome and fascinating (numen=deity). This book became a religious classic. His later Indian studies included -Mysticism East and West (1932) and- Indias Religion of Grace (1930), and a critical edition of the Bhagavad Gita (The Original Gita, 1939). In 1921, convinced of the importance of living, inter-religious dialogue, he inaugurated the Inter-Religious League, which was not a success. In his last years his internationalism caused him to fall foul of the Nazi government in Germany, and he died in 1937. Ottos most lasting contribution to the study of religion lay in his insistence on the importance of -immediate, non-rational experience to any estimate of the nature of religion. Although -The Idea of the Holy was not always well understood, it spoke directly to the mind of the twentieth century, and helped lay the foundations for much later work in the area of personal religious experience and of mysticism. Williams James(1842-1910),William Robertson Smith(1846-94),Nathan s(S)oderblom(1866-1931,Rudolf Otta)1869-1937),When ever we speak regarding religions these people should be remebered by the world.Thier works are really needed for the mankind.They have done a major research in the field of god and religion. At the same time some scientists cum philsophers have also given their valuable opinions on God and religion. Now we shall discuss some of the valuable opinions and some misconceptions. Many people didnt develop theories on practical basis (Quantitative Predictions) .Aristotle and others, made the priniciples that appealed to him intellectually, most people suppressed the facts that they found unappealing. No matter how severely their theories deviated from reality ; they used to alter and never removed the concept. For example -The Greek Christian successors rejected the idea that the universe is governed by indifferent natural law. Some religious dogmas like Epicurus (341Bc-270Bc) opposed atomism on the grounds that it is Better to follow the myths about God than to become a slave to the destiny of natural Philosophers. Aristotle too rejected the concept of atoms because he could not accept that human beings were composed of soulless inanimate objects.But the Indian Philsophers considered Atoms as a kind of matter and there are many concepts and theories developed by Kannada on atoms ; but even the concept of atoms has been curbed in India by Adi Shankara.It is not the context of this essay to discuss more on atoms.(remove the last sentence) Most of the theories developed in the Great India with clear cut concepts of Atoms, Body, Matter, Space ( were destroyed with time and circumstances)what not everything, were just went into wrong hands, either. They were changed and some still lay. Unapproachable to the humans as they were destroyed. ( remove everything after circumstances) The Christian philosopher Thomas Aquiras said, It is clear that inanimate bodies reach their end not by chance but by intention-There is therefore an intelligent personal being whom everything in nature is ordered to its end and that intelligent person is nothing but god. Even as late as in the 16th century the great German astronomer Johanes Kepler belived that planets had sense perception and consciously followed laws of movement that were grasped by their mind. Indeed in 1277 Bishop of Temple of Paris,acting on the instructions of Pope John XXI published a list of 219 errors or heresies that were to be condemned.Among the heresies was the idea that nature follows laws.Because this conflicts with the gods omnipotence, unfortunately Pope John was killed by the effect of the law of gravity a few months later when the roof of his place fell on him due to the gravitations pull of earth. According to Descartes- God could at will alter the truth or falsity of ethical proposition or mathematical theorems but not nature. He believed that God ordained the laws of nature but had no choice in the laws; rather he picked them because the laws we experience are the only possible laws. Moreover Descartes felt once God set the world going ,he left it entirely alone. If nature is governed by laws ,then we all have a set of questions like :- 1-From where did these laws were originate? 2-How can you understand these laws? 3-Do these laws need a creator? 4-Are these laws final ? 5-Can there be exceptions to these laws? These important questions have been addressed by different philosophers ,scientists and visionaries in many different ways. The answer to the first question has been given by the great scientists like Kepler,Galileo,Descartes and Newton. It is that the laws were Designed by God. However, this is no more than a definition of god as the embodiment of the laws of nature ;unless one endows God with some other attributes such as being the god of the old testament . If we consider god as the answer to the first question then the real crunch comes in the fifth question-Are there any exceptions to the laws? Opinions about the answer to the fifth question is quite interesting . Aristotle,the great Greek philosopher clearly mentioned that there can be no exeptions to the laws.But according to the Bibilical view God not only created the laws but also has the power to make changes to those laws ,which contradicts Aristotle. In opposition to the views of Decscartes,according to Bible -by praying one can heal the terminally ill, an enormous cyclone can be just stopped by his signs, premature ends to droughts. In opposition to the views of Decscartes;God has the ability to do any thing in the universe.Even Newton believed in miracles of a sort,he thought that god must be resetting the orbits to avoid the falling of planets into Sun! But there was a rationalist during the time of Napoleon.A scientific law is not a scientific law if it holds when some super natural being decides not to intervene.Here Napolean asked Laplace- How god will fit in to this picture? Laplace replied that- I have not needed that hypothesis.In the same way we also do not need the hypothesis of god and religion;but today religion is made a major point in the hypothesis of the human beings. We can clearly sense that Laplace is a kind of rationalist.,even Albert Einstein is a rationalist, he said that: I believe in Spinozas god, who reveals himself in the lawful harmony of the world, not in a god who concerns himself with the fate and doings of mankind. Indian schools of philosophy:- India sub -continent is having a catholic theories on the God and religion and Above mentioned concepts.(remove this sentence) Different schools of Indian Philsopohy deal the above questions in many different ways. The six orthodox schools of the Indian Philsophy are :- 1.Nyaya,2.Vaishesika,3.Purva mimamasa,4.Uttaara mimasa or vedanta5.Sankahya,6.Yoga were altered in many ways in Ancient India. We do not yet know whether these schools are orthodox or rational;However the concepts which they taught are undoubtedly rational but the crunch comes when these laws are altered in order to protect the religion and god. By the advent of new laws from Kannada,Gautama and many other Philsophers and with the renewed belief in the laws, there were attempts to reconcile these laws along with God. The path of the true philosophy was bifurcated by many religious dogmas in Ancient India and even in the western world. The countries which were the bearers of the torch of discovery, invention, innovation had become calm.The religious dogmas diverted the path of true philosophy and used if for their own selfishness. The quest for knowledge in Ancient India was put off by the religious dogmas from there on great texts literature which are essential for mankind for its progress and development were interpreted in many Unscientific ways. The Great theories like Nyaya-Vaishesika,Astronomy, Mathematics Philosophy, which were developed in India in a course of time were held in very high esteem.If it were allowed to follow its original course unimpeded by the religious dogmas then there might have been be a lot of development In India all the theoeries are somehow or the other attributed to the gods and vedas. But by the advent of the Budhhists,Charvaka,Jain the heteredox schools of the India Philsopohy;there was a big change in the human society but it was again curbed by some religious dogmas in ancient India.Most of the people believe that Nyaya and vaishesika are also the heterodox schools of the indian philosophy. All the orthodox schools of the Indian Philosophy believe in god and Vedas, while Heterodox schools have a rational tendency towards the things. Hence it is clear that each philosopher, scientist, revolutionary, and guru has had a strong craving to change the society of the time to a better one. They have always had a deep insight on the days to come but due to lack of scope many misconceptions have crept into their theories. Now we shall discuss the role of god and religion Role Of God and religion- Day by day we are getting knowledge and we are getting enriched because of it . In the same way each and every text may it be religious or of any other subject should stick totally to recent discoveries and inventions. We know that we get knowledge through our sensory organs. The nerves impulses are carried from each sensory organ to the brain and it is getting processed in our brains. The brain interprets the input from our sensory organs and by that we develop our concepts and develop our own theories ( religions). But there may be difference in which one could perceive the same physical situation, with each employing different fundamental elements and concepts. If all the religions which are developed are totally dependent on the truths ,we are free to follow whichever religion that is most convenient. But this is not happening-different religions teach different things and are based on different concepts. In this sequence of the history of mankind we had found better and better theories(religions). There were gods of love and war, Sun, Earth, Sky, Oceans, Rivers, Rain, Thunder Storms even Earth Quakes and Volcanoes. Ignorance of the people in Ancient time made them to invent gods to seek answers as told before. As we are acurious species ,wherever the answer was not found or finding an answer was difficult a new god was invented and it became as if god came into every aspect of Human life. When the gods were pleased, mankind was treated to good weather, peace and freedom from natural disaster and disease and on the flip side when they are displeased there came drought, war, pestilence and epidemics since the relativity between cause and effect in nature was not in their perception( is beyond their perceptions). The gods became superior and our species was self dragged into the mercy of gods. Hence gods became inscrutable but with Kannada, Gautama and by the thoughts of Buddha about 2600 years ago. The idea arose that nature follows a set of laws and laws and epistemology and the theories of atomicity had came into practice. They developed their system of thought, matter, ways we acquire knowledge, atoms etc. Here it is clear that from the beginning of the mankind till now there have been a number of defintions of god and so many concepts and beliefs were have been developed on god by different scientists philosophers and priests.Some people of the Ancient times didnt develop scientific inquiry in their theories and hence invented false gods and wrong concept based religions. Hence in the 21st century, we the Universsal citizens who belong to the same species Homo Sapiens must enact by assuring the dignity of the Individual and Unity and Integrity of the Universe. Unless and until an(replace an with a)universal Religion and God are established,there cannot be peace in the this universe.I would like to mention one more thing The need of this millennium is human integration with right knowledge about man nature and society. As said by my father All the people on this planet earth should have a Healthy , Happy , Purposeful long life. This is only possible through synchronisation of global religions.

Athenian definition of democracy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Discuss the Athenian definition of democracy. Is the city state the only kind of state in which true democracy can exist? What happens to democracy when it is applied to a society with a large dispersed population? What are other examples of democratic societies besides Athens? Compare and contrast Athenian democracy with American democracy. Is the United States a democracy in the classical sense of the word? The ancient Greek word "demokratia" was ambiguous. It met literally "people power". But who were the people to whom the power of the long? Was it all the people -all duly qualified citizens? Or only some of the people -- the masses? The Greek word demos could mean either. There is a theory that the word demokratia was claimed by democracy's enemies, members of the rich and aristocratic elite who did not like being outvoted by the common herd, their social and economic inferiors. If this theory is right, democracy must originally have meant something like "mob rule" or "dictatorship of the proletariat". By the fourth century B.C.E. there were hundreds of Greek democracies. Greece was not a single political entity it was a collection of about 1500 separate poleis or cities scattered around the Mediterranean and black sea shores. The cities that were not democracies were either oligarchies or monarchies (often times called tyrannies). Of the democracies, the oldest, the most stable, the most long-lived, and the most radical, was Athens. The origin of the Athenian democracy of the fifth and for centuries can be traced back to Solon. Solon was a poet and a wise statesmen but not a Democrat. His constitutional reform package laid the basis on which an aristocrat called Cleisthenes could pioneer democracy. Cleisthenes championed a radical political reform movement which in 508 -507 ushered in the Athenian democratic constitution. Under this political system Athens successfully resisted the Persian onslaughts that victory in turn encourage the poorest Athenian's to demand a greater say in the ruling of their city. In the late 460's a radicalization of power shifted the balance decisively to the poorest sections of society. This was the democratic Athens that laid the foundations of Western rational and critical thought. &nb... ...laves and women were excluded today every resident of the United States can qualify for citizenship. Bibliography Martin, Thomas. R. Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times. New York & London, Yale University, 2000. McEvedy, Colin. The New Penguin Atlas of Ancient History. London, England, Penguin Books, 1967. - - - The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. London, England, Penguin Books, no publication No publication date. Oliphant, Margaret. The Atlas of the Ancient World., London, Ebury Press, 1992. Scholastic Inc. Scholastic Atlas of the World. U.S.A., Miles Kelly, 2001. Further information about the Greeks and Athens can be found at the following sites: http://thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/greece/greece/html. http://www.stoa.org.demos http://www.fordham.edu.halsall/ancient/asbook.html http://www.newton.mec.edu/oakhill/sixth%20grade.web/resources/geography/geoslide/geopix.html http://www,culture.gr/ http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/educational/lesson#1.html http://www.members.home.net/georgefrank/war/athens.html#democracy http://www.members.home.net/georgefrank/war/sparta.html#Monarchy

The Consequences of Drinking And Driving Essay -- Alcohol, drunk drivi

Driving under the influence has affected many people's lives and families. Today I would like to talk to you about the problems of drinking and driving, and why it is a concern for all of us. Driving under the influence is one of the most common and dangerous situations you can put yourself or someone else in. The fact is that drinking and driving is a huge deal and can leave a long trail of broken dreams and hearts. If you drink and drive, not only are you putting yourself at risk, but your passengers and the pedestrians outside of your vehicle. According to the most recent statistics by the National Commission Against Drunk Driving states that 17,000 Americans die each year in alcohol- related traffic crashes and 600,000 Americans are injured (NCADD). That's is and average of one fatal accident every thirty minutes. Every thirty minutes someone's life has ended and his or her family and friends left to weep. Anyone of these accidents could easily be a family member, relati ve, or neighbor. Most of these alcohol-related crashes are not just cuts and bruises. People are paralyzed, severely disfigured, or have lost the ability to live out a normal life with work and having fun are now activities that now rely on the aid of others. There is plenty of reasons alcohol and driving does not mix. The body is a very complicated organism with everything needing to go just right for it to function properly. Alcohol only affects how your body functions negatively. Alcohol is a downer that reduces activity in the central nervous system. The person exhibits loss muscle tone, loss of fine motor coordination ( Net Biz Mentor). Depression and alcohol also do not mix. When people get depressed from everyday life they have the ten... ...up in jail because they are one tenth of a point over the legal limit. So try to manage your life, by not drinking and driving. If you do go out for a drink, try to go somewhere that you can reach either on foot or by public transportation. Think about sharing the driving and on different days with a group of people so that you can take turns at driving. If you do drink even though you meant not to, and you went out with your vehicle, consider taking a taxi and leaving your vehicle behind. This is a whole lot better than living with the guilt and shame of having killed a person or even a friend. Do you really want to be known as the person who has killed someone because of your stupidity? Work Cited -Mothers Against Drunk Drivers. Drinking Driving and Other Drugs. Homepage. 20 June 2003.